Gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolates and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates generally to gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions, including delivery vehicles such as liposomes containing the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, and methods of making and using the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions to treat hyperproliferative disorders (e.g., cancer) and disorders of the immune system (e.g., inflammation and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis). The disclosed compositions also have uses in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents to enhance the effectiveness or to reduce the toxicities associated with the therapeutic agent(s).

BACKGROUND

This disclosure generally relates to gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions, including delivery vehicles such as liposomes containing the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions, and methods of making and using the compositions to treat diseases including hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer, disorders of the immune system such as rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious diseases such as HIV and malaria. The polyglutamated gamma tetrahydrofolate compositions also have uses in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with antifolates such as methotrexate) to reduce toxic side effects associated with the therapeutic agent(s).

Folate is an essential cofactor that mediates the transfer of one-carbon units involved in nucleotide biosynthesis and DNA repair, the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy), and the methylation of DNA, proteins, and lipids. The only circulating forms of folates in the blood are monoglutamates and folate monoglutamates are the only form of folate that is transported across the cell membrane—likewise, the monoglutamate form of tetrahydrofolate, are transported across the cell membrane. Once taken up into cells, intracellular tetrahydrofolate is polyglutamated by the enzyme folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS). The polyglutamation of tetrahydrofolate by FPGS serves at least 2 main therapeutic purposes: (1) it greatly enhances tetrahydrofolate affinity for DHFR; and (2) it facilitates the accumulation of polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, which unlike tetrahydrofolate (monoglutamate), is not easily transported out of cells by cell efflux pumps.

The provided gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions deliver a strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of tetrahydrofolate.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This disclosure generally relates gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (THF) compositions and methods of making and using the compositions to treat diseases including hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer, disorders of the immune system such as inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious disease such as HIV and malaria. The alpha polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions also have uses in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with antifolates such as methotrexate) to reduce toxic side effects associated with the therapeutic agent(s).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides:

-   [1] a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate. -   [2] the composition of [1], wherein the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-formyl-THF);     -   (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-10-formyl-THF);     -   (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF);     -   (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-methyl-THF);     -   (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-tetrahydrofolate);     -   (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and     -   (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-formimino-THF); -   [3] the composition of [1] or [2], wherein the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl     groups having gamma carboxyl group linkages; -   [4] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma tetraglutamated     tetrahydrofolate; -   [5] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma pentaglutamated     tetrahydrofolate; -   [6] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma hexaglutamated     tetrahydrofolate; -   [7] the composition according to any of [1]-[6], wherein     -   (a) the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or         more glutamyl groups in the L-form having gamma carboxyl group         linkages,     -   (b) each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated         tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group         linkage;     -   (c) at least one of the glutamyl groups of the gamma         polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and has a gamma         carboxyl group linkage,     -   (d) each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated         tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of         tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and has a gamma carboxyl group         linkage, or     -   (e) the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or         more glutamyl groups in the L-form and at least one glutamyl         group in the D-form having gamma carboxyl group linkages; -   [8] the composition according to [4], wherein (a) each of the     glutamyl groups is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group     linkage or (b) each of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl     group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the     gluytamyl groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [9] the composition of [5], wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups     is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each     of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of     tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl     groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [10] the composition of [6], wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups     is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each     of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of     tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl     groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [11] the composition according to any of [1]-[10], wherein the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is polyglutamable by FGPS under     physiological conditions and/or wherein the polyglutamated THF has a     lower uptake rate (<30%) by hepatic cells than THF; -   [12] a liposomal composition comprising the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate according to any of [1]-[11] (Lp-γPTHF); -   [13] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [12], wherein the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or more glutamyl     groups in the L-form; -   [14] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [12] or [13], wherein     each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form; -   [15] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [12] or [13], wherein at least one     of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     is in the D-form; -   [16] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[15], wherein     the liposome comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     comprising 1-10 glutamyl groups having gamma carboxyl group     linkages; -   [17] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[16], wherein     the liposome comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups; -   [18] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [19] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [20] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [21] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[20], wherein     the liposome is not pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF); -   [22] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[20], wherein     the liposome is pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF); -   [23] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[22], wherein     the liposomes comprise at least 1% weight by weight (w/w) of the     gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate or wherein during the process     of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1% of the starting material of     gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the     Lp-γPTHF; -   [24] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[23], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm; -   [25] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[24], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm; -   [26] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[25], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm; -   [27] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[26], wherein     the liposome is formed from liposomal components; -   [28] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [27], wherein the     liposomal components comprise at least one of an anionic lipid and a     neutral lipid; -   [29] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [27] or [28], wherein the     liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the group     consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-maleimide; HSPC; HSPC-PEG;     cholesterol; cholesterol-PEG; and cholesterol-maleimide; -   [30] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [27]-[29], wherein     the liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the     group consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-FITC;     DSPE-PEG-maleimide; cholesterol; and HSPC; -   [31] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [27]-[30], wherein     one or more liposomal components further comprises a steric     stabilizer; -   [32] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [31], wherein the steric     stabilizer is at least one selected from the group consisting of     polyethylene glycol (PEG); poly-L-lysine (PLL); monosialoganglioside     (GM1); poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); poly(acrylamide) (PAA);     poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline); poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); phosphatidyl     polyglycerol; poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide]; amphiphilic     poly-N-vinylpyrrolidones; L-amino-acid-based polymer; oligoglycerol,     copolymer containing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene oxide,     Poloxamer 188, and polyvinyl alcohol; -   [33] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [32], wherein the steric     stabilizer is PEG and the PEG has a number average molecular weight     (Mn) of 200 to 5000 daltons; -   [34] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome is anionic or neutral; -   [35] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is less than or equal to     zero; -   [36] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is between 0 to −150 mV; -   [37] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is between −30 to −50 mV; -   [38] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome is cationic; -   [39] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[38], wherein     the liposome has an interior space comprising the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and an aqueous pharmaceutically     acceptable carrier; -   [40] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [39], wherein the pharmaceutically     acceptable carrier comprises a tonicity agent such as dextrose,     mannitol, glycerine, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, at a     concentration of greater than 1%; -   [41] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [39], wherein the aqueous     pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is trehalose; -   [42] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [41], wherein the pharmaceutically     acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% trehalose; -   [43] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[42], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% dextrose     solution; -   [44] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[43], wherein     the interior space of the liposome comprises 5% dextrose suspended     in an HEPES buffered solution; -   [45] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[44], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a buffer such as     HEPES Buffered Saline (HBS) or similar, at a concentration of     between 1 to 200 mM and a pH of between 2 to 8; -   [46] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[45], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a total     concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 50 mM     to 500 mM; -   [47] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[46], wherein     the interior space of the liposome has a pH of 5-8 or a pH of 6-7,     or any range therein between; -   [48] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[47], wherein     the liposome comprises less than 500,000 or less than 200,000     molecules of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [49] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[48], wherein     the liposome comprises between 10 to 100,000 molecules of the gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between; -   [50] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[49], which     further comprises a targeting moiety and wherein the targeting     moiety has a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target     cell of interest; -   [51] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [50], wherein the     targeting moiety is attached to one or both of a PEG and the     exterior of the liposome, optionally wherein targeting moiety is     attached to one or both of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome     by a covalent bond; -   [52] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [50] or [51], wherein the targeting     moiety is a polypeptide; -   [53] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[52], wherein     the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment     of an antibody; -   [54] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[53], wherein     the targeting moiety binds the surface antigen with an equilibrium     dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as     determined using BIACORE® analysis; -   [55] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[54], wherein     the targeting moiety specifically binds one or more folate receptors     selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α),     folate receptor beta (FR-β), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ); -   [56] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[55], wherein     the targeting moiety comprises one or more selected from the group     consisting of: an antibody, a humanized antibody, an antigen binding     fragment of an antibody, a single chain antibody, a single-domain     antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a synthetic antibody, a pegylated     antibody, and a multimeric antibody; -   [57] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[56], wherein     each pegylated liposome comprises from 1 to 1000 or 30-200 targeting     moieties; -   [58] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[57], further     comprising one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable     marker and a maleimide, wherein the immunostimulatory agent, the     detectable marker or the maleimide is attached to said PEG or the     exterior of the liposome; -   [59] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [58], wherein the immunostimulating     agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a     protein immunostimulating agent; a nucleic acid immunostimulating     agent; a chemical immunostimulating agent; a hapten; and an     adjuvant; -   [60] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [58] or [59], wherein the     immunostimulating agent is at least one selected from the group     consisting of: a fluorescein; a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); a     DNP; a beta glucan; a beta-1,3-glucan; a beta-1,6-glucan; a resolvin     (e.g., a Resolvin D such as _(Dn-6DPA) or D_(n-3DPA), a Resolvin E,     or a T series resolvin); and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulating     agent such as, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (e.g. OXPAC,     PGPC), and an eritoran lipid (e.g., E5564); -   [61] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [58]-[60], wherein     the immunostimulatory agent and the detectable marker is the same; -   [62] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [58]-[61], further     comprising a hapten; -   [63] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [62], wherein the hapten comprises     one or more of fluorescein or beta 1,6-glucan; -   [64] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[63], which     further comprises at least one cryoprotectant selected from the     group consisting of mannitol; trehalose; sorbitol; and sucrose; -   [65] a targeted composition comprising the composition according to     any of [1]-[64]; -   [66] a non-targeted composition comprising the composition according     to any of [1]-[49]; -   [67] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[66], which     further comprises carboplatin and/or pembroluzumab; -   [68] a pharmaceutical composition comprising the liposomal gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition according to any of     [12]-[67]; -   [69] a pharmaceutical composition comprising gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate composition according to any of [1]-[7]; -   [70] the composition of any of [1]-[69], for use in the treatment of     disease; -   [71] Use of the composition of any of [1]-[70], in the manufacture     of a medicament for the treatment of disease and/or for use in     combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a     chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the     effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant”     (e.g., in combination with an antifolate such as methotrexate) to     reduce a toxic side effect associated with the therapeutic agent(s); -   [72] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disease     or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such treatment or     prevention, the method comprising administering the composition of     any of [1]-[70] to the subject; -   [73] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disease     or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such treatment or     prevention, the method comprising administering the liposomal gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of [12]-[69] to     the subject; -   [74] a method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises     contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the composition of any of     [1]-[69]; -   [75] a method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises     contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the liposomal gamma     polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of [12]-[69]; -   [76] the method of [74] or [75], wherein the hyperproliferative cell     is a cancer cell, a mammalian cell, and/or a human cell; -   [77] a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an     effective amount of the composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject     having or at risk of having cancer; -   [78] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) cancer     that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal     gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of     [12]-[68] to a subject having or at risk of having cancer; -   [79] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is     selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy     including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer,     breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck     cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer,     esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer,     biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma     (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer,     and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a     leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and     other plasma cell dyscrasias; -   [80] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a     member selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, breast     cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, bladder     cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer; -   [81] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a     member selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer,     breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic     cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer     and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer,     gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer; -   [82] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent colorectal cancer; -   [83] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) cancer     that comprises administering an effective amount of the Lp-γPTHF     composition of any of [50]-[66] to a subject having or at risk of     having a cancer cell that expresses on its surface a folate receptor     bound by the targeting moiety; -   [84] a maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective     amount of the composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject that is     undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy; -   [85] a maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective     amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     composition of any of [12]-[69] to a subject that is undergoing or     has undergone cancer therapy; -   [86] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disorder     of the immune system that comprises administering an effective     amount of the composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject having or     at risk of having a disorder of the immune system, optionally     wherein the disorder of the immune system is selected from:     inflammation (e.g., acute and chronic), systemic inflammation,     rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn     disease, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus,     and Takayasu, and psoriasis; -   [87] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disorder     of the immune system that comprises administering an effective     amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     composition of any of [8]-[69] to a subject having or at risk of     having a disorder of the immune system, optionally wherein the     disorder of the immune system is selected from: inflammation (e.g.,     acute and chronic), systemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis,     inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn disease,     dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and     Takayasu, and psoriasis; -   [88] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing):     -   (a) leukopenia that comprises administering an effective amount         of the composition according to any of [1]-[59] to a subject         having or at risk of having leukopenia;     -   (b) an infectious disease that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[69]         to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease;     -   (c) cardiovascular disease or metabolic disease that comprises         administering an effective amount of the composition according         to any of [1]-[59] to a subject having or at risk of having an         infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, or another disease,         wherein the disease is a member selected from: atherosclerosis,         cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary artery disease,         myocardial infarction, stroke, metabolic syndrome, a gestational         trophoblastic disease, and ectopic pregnancy;     -   (d) an autoimmune disease, that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having an autoimmune disease;     -   (e) rheumatoid arthritis, that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having rheumatoid arthritis;     -   (f) an inflammatory condition that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having inflammation,         optionally wherein the inflammation is acute, chronic, and/or         systemic inflammation; or     -   (g) a skin condition that comprises administering an effective         amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59] to a         subject having or at risk of having a skin condition, optionally         wherein the skin condition is psoriasis; -   [89] a method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) an     infectious disease that comprises administering an effective amount     of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition     of any of [12]-[69] to a subject having or at risk of having an     infectious disease; -   [90] a method of delivering gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to     a tumor expressing a folate receptor on its surface, the method     comprising: administering the Lp-γPTHF composition of any of     [1]-[69] to a subject having the tumor in an amount to deliver a     therapeutically effective dose of the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate to the tumor; -   [91] a method of preparing a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     composition comprising the liposomal gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate composition of any of [12]-[69], the method     comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and     gamma polyglutamated antifolate in solution; homogenizing the     mixture to form liposomes in the solution; and processing the     mixture to form liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate; -   [92] a method of preparing the composition of any of [12]-[69]     comprising the steps of: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal     components and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a solution;     homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution;     processing the mixture to form liposomes entrapping and/or     encapsulating gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate; and providing a     targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes, the targeting moiety     having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha     (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta     (FR-δ); -   [93] the method according to [92], wherein the processing step     includes one or more steps of: thin film hydration, extrusion,     in-line mixing, ethanol injection technique, freezing-and-thawing     technique, reverse-phase evaporation, dynamic high pressure     microfluidization, microfluidic mixing, double emulsion,     freeze-dried double emulsion, 3D printing, membrane contactor     method, and stirring; and/or -   [94] the method according to [92], wherein the processing step     includes one or more steps of modifying the size of the liposomes by     one or more of steps of extrusion, high-pressure microfluidization,     and/or sonication.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) composition wherein at least 2 of the glutamyl residues of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate have a gamma carboxyl group linkage. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 5, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF composition contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., a tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the tetraglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the tetraglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the tetraglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF composition contains a chain of 4 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (e.g., γ-pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF composition contains a chain of 5 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (e.g., γ-hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides compositions containing delivery vehicles such as liposomes filled with (e.g., encapsulating) and/or otherwise associated with gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, and methods of making and using the γPTHF filled/associated delivery vehicle compositions (DV-γPTHF) to deliver gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to diseased (e.g., cancerous) and/or targeted cells. These compositions have uses that include but are not limited to treating (e.g., treating or preventing) diseases that include for example, hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer, disorders of the immune system such as inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious disease such as HIV and malaria. In some embodiments, gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in the DV-γPTHF contains 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, more than 5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). The DV-γPTHF filled/associated delivery vehicle compositions provide improvements to the efficacy and safety of delivering tetrahydrofolate to cancer cells by providing the preferential delivery of a more cytotoxic payload (e.g., polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate) compared to the cytotoxicity of tetrahydrofolate administered in its monoglutamate state (THF).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides the use of compositions containing delivery vehicles such as liposomes filled with (e.g., encapsulating) and/or otherwise associated with gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with antifolates such as methotrexate) to reduce toxic side effects associated with the therapeutic agent(s). In some embodiments, gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in the DV-αPTHF contains 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, more than 5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). The DV-αPTHF filled/associated delivery vehicle compositions provide improvements to the efficacy and safety of delivering tetrahydrofolate to cancer cells by providing the preferential delivery of a more cytotoxic payload (e.g., polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate) compared to the cytotoxicity of tetrahydrofolate administered in its monoglutamate state (THF).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of Tetrahydrofolate THF (i.e., tetraglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S] Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of Tetrahydrofolate THF (i.e., pentaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S] tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of Tetrahydrofolate THF (i.e., hexaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S] Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-Tetrahydrofolate THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the hexaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the composition contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated (b) polyglutamated-5-formyl-THF; (c) polyglutamated-5,10-methenyl-THF; (d) polyglutamated-5-methyl-THF; (e) polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate; (f) polyglutamated-5,10-methylene-THF; and (g) polyglutamated-5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (Lp-γPTHF).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methenyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF that that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. d.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of THF (i.e., tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S] tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of THF (i.e., pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S] tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R]-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S] tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R]-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a liposome encapsulating (filled with) gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated [6R]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 20, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the liposome contains gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that has a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated (b) polyglutamated-5-formyl-THF; (c) polyglutamated-5,10-methenyl-THF; (d) poly-glutamated-5-methyl-THF; (e) polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate; (f) polyglutamated-5,10-methylene-THF; and (g) polyglutamated-5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 3 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6S] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated [6R]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 4 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated [6R] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In one embodiment, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises a gamma polyglutamated-5-formimino-THF that contains a chain of 5 glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated [6R] 5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated 5-formimino-THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition is cationic. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is cationic and has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 175 nm, or 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is cationic and the composition has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the cationic Lp-γPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the cationic Lp-γPTHF. In additional embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate encapsulated by the liposome is in a HEPES buffered solution within the liposome.

In other embodiments, Lp-γPTHF composition is anionic or neutral. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is anionic or neutral and has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 175 nm, or 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is anionic or neutral and the composition has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is anionic and has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 175 nm, or 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is anionic and the composition has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF liposome is neutral and has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 175 nm, or 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the anionic or neutral Lp-γPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the anionic or neutral Lp-γPTHF. In some embodiments, the anionic or neutral Lp-γPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma tetraglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the anionic or neutral Lp-γPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the anionic or neutral Lp-γPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma hexaglutamated THF. In additional embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate encapsulated by the liposome is in a HEPES buffered solution within the liposome.

In additional embodiments, the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition is pegylated (PLp-γPTHF).

In some embodiments, the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition is non-targeted (NTLp-γPTHF). That is, the NTLp-γPTHF composition does not have specific affinity towards an epitope (e.g., an epitope of a surface antigen) expressed on the surface of a target cell of interest. In further embodiments, the non-targeted liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition is pegylated (NTPLp-γPTHF).

In other embodiments, the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition is targeted (TLp-γPTHF). That is, the TLp-γPTHF composition contains a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope (surface antigen) on a target cell of interest. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is not attached to the liposome through a covalent bond. In other embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome. Targeted liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions (TLp-γPTHF and TPLp-γPTHF) provide further improvements over the efficacy and safety profile of tetrahydrofolate, by specifically delivering gamma polyglutamated (e.g., γ-pentaglutamated and/or γ-hexaglutamated) tetrahydrofolate to target cells such as cancer cells. In some embodiments, the targeted liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition is pegylated (TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is attached to the liposome through a covalent bond. Function of the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF and/or TPLp-γPTHF compositions include but are not limited to, targeting the liposome to the target cell of interest in vivo or in vitro; interacting with the surface antigen for which the targeting moiety has specific affinity, and delivering the liposome payload (γPTHF) into the cell. Suitable targeting moieties are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments, scaffold proteins, polypeptides, and peptides. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is a polypeptide. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety is a polypeptide that comprises at least 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 100, amino acid residues.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is an antibody or an antigen-binding antibody fragment. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises one or more of an antibody, a humanized antibody, an antigen binding fragment of an antibody, a single chain antibody, a single-domain antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a synthetic antibody, a pegylated antibody, and a multimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety of the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF has specific affinity for an epitope that is preferentially expressed on a target cell such as a tumor cell, compared to normal or non-tumor cells. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope on a tumor cell surface antigen that is present on a tumor cell but absent or inaccessible on a non-tumor cell. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety binds an epitope of interest with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as determined using BIACORE® analysis.

In particular embodiments, the TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF targeting moiety comprises a polypeptide that specifically binds a folate receptor. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen-binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the folate receptor bound by the targeting moiety is one or more folate receptors selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α, FOLR1), folate receptor beta (FRβ, FOLR2), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ, FOLR4). In some embodiments, the folate receptor bound by the targeting moiety is folate receptor alpha (FR-α). In some embodiments, the folate receptor bound by the targeting moiety is folate receptor beta (FR-β). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety specifically binds FR-α and FR-β.

In additional embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker, and a maleimide, disposed on at least one of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome. In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF) is cationic. In other embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) is anionic or neutral. In additional embodiments, the liposome of the liposome γPTHF composition (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, 30 nm to 175 nm, 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome of the liposome-γPTHF composition has a diameter in the range of 30 nm to 175 nm or 50 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome of the liposome γPTHF composition has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition is pegylated (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition comprises a targeting moiety (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition is pegylated and targeted (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the liposome compositions comprise a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups and at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups and 1%-98.5% w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups and wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75% of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF.

In some embodiments, the liposome compositions comprise a gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate and at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma tetraglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate and 1%-98.5% w/w of the gamma tetraglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate and wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75% of the starting material of gamma tetraglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF.

In some embodiments, the liposome compositions comprise a gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and 1%-98.5% w/w of the gamma pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75% of the starting material of gamma pentaglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF.

In some embodiments, the liposome compositions comprise a gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma hexaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and 1%-98.5% w/w of the gamma hexaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate and wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75% of the starting material of gamma pentaglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF.

Liposomal compositions comprising liposomes encapsulating γPTHF are also provided. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated γPTHF composition. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF composition that is linked to or otherwise associated with a targeting moiety. In further embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF composition that is pegylated and linked to or otherwise associated with a targeting moiety. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises γPTHF that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome γPTHF (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF is pegylated (e.g., NTPLp-γPTHF, and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest such as a cancer cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF)). In further embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that is pegylated and further comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest such as a cancer cell (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that is cationic. In other embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that is anionic or neutral. In additional embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, 20 nm to 200 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome γPTHF has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) including delivery vehicles such as liposome γPTHF are also provided. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pegylated γPTHF composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprise a γPTHF composition that is linked to or otherwise associated with a targeting moiety. In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprise a γPTHF composition that is pegylated and linked to or otherwise associated with a targeting moiety. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises γPTHF that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a liposome γPTHF (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition is pegylated (e.g., NTPLp-γPTHF, and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest such as a cancer cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF)). In further embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liposome γPTHF composition that is pegylated and further comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest such as a cancer cell (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that is cationic. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that is anionic or neutral. In additional embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liposome γPTHF that has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm or 20 nm to 500 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome γPTHF composition has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of killing a cell that comprises contacting the cell with a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) composition (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a hyperproliferative cell. In further embodiments, the hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, osteosarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) choriocarcinoma, and chorioadenoma, nonleukemic meningeal cancer, soft tissue sarcoma (desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, bladder cancer, and central Nervous System (CNS) lymphoma. In yet further embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In other embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 5-formyl-THF contains 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 5-formyl-THF contains 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains contains 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments the γPTHF comprises γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments the γPTHF comprises γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments the γPTHF comprises γ-glutamyl groups in the L and D-form. In some embodiments the γPTHF contains 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of killing a cell that comprises contacting the cell with a liposome containing gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a hyperproliferative cell. In yet further embodiments, the contacted hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell. In further embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, osteosarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) choriocarcinoma, and chorioadenoma, nonleukemic meningeal cancer, soft tissue sarcoma (desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, bladder cancer, and central Nervous System (CNS) lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In other embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the liposome contains a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome contains gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome contains gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF comprising a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF comprising γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF comprising γ-glutamyl groups in the L form and the D form. In some embodiments the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle ((e.g., an immunoconjugate or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody-containing immunoconjugate (comprising. e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that specifically binds a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen(s) derived from or determined to be expressed on a specific subject's tumor such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is a member selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF is [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF is [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated[is polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF is polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF.

In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma, brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, osteosarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) choriocarcinoma, and chorioadenoma, nonleukemic meningeal cancer, soft tissue sarcoma (desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, bladder cancer, and central Nervous System (CNS) lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposome comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In some embodiments, the liposome is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. This also includes the use of cancer stem cell targeting moieties such as those targeting CD 34, CD133 and CD44, CD138, and CD15. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen(s) derived from or determined to be expressed on a specific subject's tumor such as a neoantigen.In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the L and D-forms. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments the administered liposomal composition comprises tetraglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments the administered liposomal composition comprises pentaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments the administered liposomal composition comprises hexaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: lung (e.g., non-small lung cancer), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, and a hematologic malignancy (e.g., a leukemia or lymphoma). In yet further embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering to a subject having or at risk of having cancer, an effective amount of a liposomal composition comprising a liposome that comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cancer. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA 1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA 1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are not pegylated. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, gamma glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing γ-glutamyl groups in the L and D-forms. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In in some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In in some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat colorectal cancer.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer that expresses folate receptor on its cell surface, wherein the liposomal composition comprises liposomes that comprise (a) gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) and (b) a targeting moiety that has specific binding affinity for a folate receptor. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α) and folate receptor beta (FR-β). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are not pegylated. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer is selected from the group consisting of: breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, osteosarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) choriocarcinoma, and chorioadenoma, nonleukemic meningeal cancer, soft tissue sarcoma (desmoid tumors, aggressive fibromatosis, bladder cancer, and central Nervous System (CNS) lymphoma. In some embodiments the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for cancer maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition comprising liposomes that contain gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (Lp-γPTHF) to a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition is a PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises targeted liposomes (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are pegylated and comprise a targeting moiety (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder of the immune system that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition comprising liposomes that contain gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder of the immune system. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat an autoimmune disease. In a further embodiment, the liposomal composition is administered to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In another embodiment, the liposomal composition is administered to treat inflammation. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises targeted liposomes (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) that contain a targeting moiety having a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target cell of interest (e.g., an immune cell). In further embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are pegylated and comprise a targeting moiety (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises γPTHF containing 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

The disclosure also provides a method of delivering gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a tumor and/or cancer cell that comprises: administering to a subject having the tumor, a composition comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (L-γPTHF) and a targeting moiety that has a specific binding affinity for an epitope of a surface antigen on the tumor cell or cancer cell. In some embodiments, the administered targeting moiety is associated with a delivery vehicle. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome. In some embodiments, the antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, or liposome is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of preparing a liposomal composition that comprises a liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) composition, the method comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and γ polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in solution; homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution; and processing the mixture to form liposomes containing polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, composition comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the composition comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the composition comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the composition comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a kit comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition and/or a γPTHF delivery vehicle such as a liposome containing γPTHF or a γPTHF immunoconjugate (e.g., an ADC) described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIGS. 1A-1L show chemical formulas of exemplary 5-10 methylene THF derivatives: 5-10 methylene THF (FIG. 1A), gamma 5-10 methylene THF diglutamate (FIG. 1B), gamma 5-10 methylene THF triglutamates (FIGS. 1C and 1D), gamma 5-10 methylene THF tetraglutamates (FIGS. 1E and 1F), gamma 5-10 methylene THF pentaglutamates (FIGS. 1G and 1H), gamma 5-10 methylene THF hexaglutamates (FIGS. 1I and 1J), gamma 5-10 methylene THF heptaglutamates (FIGS. 1K and 1L), gamma 5-10 methylene THF octaglutamates (FIGS. 1M and 1N), and exemplary gamma tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate derivatives of Tetrahydrofolate THF, 10 formyl THF, 5 formyl THF, 5-methyl THF, 5 formimino THF, 5,10 methenyl THF, and 5,10 methylene THF, (FIGS. 1O-1Q).

FIG. 2 presents an example dose response relationship of free pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (gG6), liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6), pemetrexed, and folate receptor alpha targeting antibody (FR1Ab) liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6-FR1Ab) in the NCI H2342 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenocarcinoma subtype depicted as the percentage of viable cells after 48 hours of treatment.

FIG. 3 presents an example dose response relationship of free pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (gG6), liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6), pemetrexed, and folate receptor alpha targeting antibody (FR1Ab) liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6-FR1Ab) in the HT-29 (colon cancer) at 48 hours.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of free pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (hexa gG6) and liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal hexa gG6), on the growth of colon cancer SW260 cells following exposure of 256 nM of the corresponding agent for 48 hours. The non-targeted and targeted liposomal pemetrexed hexa gG6 are able to enter cells more efficiently than free pemetrexed hexa gG6 to inhibit growth of the colon cancer SW260 cells.

FIG. 5 presents the relative potency of liposomal pemetrexed L-gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6) and its mirror image, liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (liposomal gDG6) relative to pemetrexed following exposure of the cancer cell lines SW620 (CRC), HT-29 (colon cancer), H1806 (triple negative breast cancer), OAW28 (ovarian cancer), H292 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype), and H2342 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype), over 48 hours.

FIG. 6 presents the treatment effect on HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer cells following exposure of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gDG6), and to pemetrexed over 48 hours.

FIG. 7 presents the treatment effect on OAW28 ovarian cancer cells following exposure of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gDG6), as compared to pemetrexed over 48 hours.

FIG. 8 presents the treatment effect on H292 non-small cell lung cancer cells following exposure of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Lps Hexa gDG6), and to pemetrexed over 48 hours.

FIG. 9 presents the treatment effect on H292 non-small cell lung cancer cells following exposure of various dose levels ranging from 16 to 128 nM of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (Liposomal gG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Liposomal gDG6), and pemetrexed over 48 hours. At each of the tested dose ranges, the liposomal pemetrexed gG6 formulation is superior to inhibiting H292 non-small cell lung cancer cells compared to pemetrexed.

FIG. 10 presents the treatment effect on HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer cells following exposure of various dose levels ranging from 16 to 128 nM of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (Liposomal gG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Liposomal gDG6), and pemetrexed over 48 hours. At each of the tested doses, the liposomal pemetrexed gG6 formulation is superior to pemetrexed in inhibiting HCC1806 triple negative breast cancer cells.

FIG. 11 presents the treatment effect on OAW28 ovarian cancer cells of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (LiposomalgG6), liposomal gamma-D hexaglutamate (LiposomalgDG6), and pemetrexed following exposure over 48 hours following exposure over a range of concentrations. At the dose of 128 nM, pemetrexed appears to more effective than the Liposomal pemetrexed gG6 liposomal formulation, whereas the liposomal formulation at the dose of 32 nM and 64 nM has a better treatment effect than pemetrexed; at 16 nM the Liposomal pemetrexed gG6 treatment effect is similar in to pemetrexed.

FIG. 12 shows the toxicity of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (LiposomalgG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (Liposomal gDG6), and pemetrexed on differentiating human neutrophils at 64 nM, 128 nM, and 264 nM. The figure demonstrates that liposomal pemetrexed gG6 is significantly less toxic to differentiating human neutrophils than pemetrexed.

FIG. 13 shows the effect of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (liposomalgG6), liposomal gamma-D hexaglutamate (liposomalgDG6), and pemetrexed on on neutrophils (differentiated from CD34+ cells) following exposure of various dose levels ranging from 16 to 128 nM of the corresponding agent over 48 hours.

FIG. 14 shows the effect of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (liposomalgG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (liposomalgDG6), and pemetrexed on AML12 liver cells following exposure over 48 hours at 16 nM, 32 nM, and 64 nM, and 128 nM of the corresponding agent. Strikingly, there does not appear to be any toxicity to the AML12 liver cells following treatment with a liposomal pemetrexed gG6 at any of the liposomal agents at the dose levels tested. In contrast, pemetrexed treatment results in a reduction in the AML12 liver cell counts of approximately 40% at all doses studied.

FIG. 15 shows the effect of liposomal pemetrexed gamma-L hexaglutamate (liposomalgG6), liposomal pemetrexed gamma-D hexaglutamate (liposomalgDG6), and pemetrexed on CCD841 colon epithelium cells following exposure over 48 hours at 16 nM, 32 nM, and 64 nM, and 128 nM, of the corresponding agent. At all of the concentrations tested, pemetrexed leads to approximately a ≥50% decrease in the number of CCD841 colon epithelium cells compared to approximately a 20% or less decrease in cell number after treatment with each of the liposome compositions tested.

FIG. 16 depicts the structure of polyglutamate antifolate, Cisplatin (CDDP) and two potential gG6-Cisplatin complexes. The pH dependent formation of the interstrand and/or instrastrand coordination between the carboxyl groups of the polyglutamated antifolate and cisplatin is likely to disassemble into individual molecules of gG6 and cisplatin upon encountering acidic pH of lysosomes (pH 3-5) and presence of chloride ions inside the cells.

FIG. 17 presents the effects of liposomal aG6 treatment of mice with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg given once weekly for 4 weeks upon the hematologic parameters: white blood cell (WBC) counts, neutrophil counts and as platelet counts. No appreciable decrease in mean neutrophil, mean white blood cell or mean platelet counts was observed.

FIG. 18 presents the effects of liposomal aG6 treatment of mice with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg given once weekly for 4 weeks upon hemoglobin and reticulocyte indices. There is a minimal decrease in mean hemoglobin concentrations at the higher dose level. In parallel there is a slight increase in mean reticulocytosis indices

FIG. 19 presents the effects of liposomal aG6 treatment of mice with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg given once weekly for 4 weeks upon hepatic markers including serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) along with serum albumin. There was no appreciable increases in liver transaminases mean AST or mean ALT levels and there was no observed change in mean albumin levels.

FIG. 20 presents the relative tumor volume of immunodeficient female Nu/J mice (6-8 weeks old) inoculated with NCI-H292 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) cells and administered control, pemetexed, and Liposomal aG6 intravenously at 167 mg/kg once every three weeks. As can be seen from these preliminary data, liposomal aG6 provides reduced tumor control compared to pemetrexed.

FIGS. 21A-F present the dose response relationship of liposomal pemetrexed alpha-L triglutamate (Liposomal aG3), liposomal pemetrexed alpha-L pentaglutamate (Liposomal aG5), liposomal pemetrexed alpha-L octaglutamate (Liposomal aG7), and a combination of liposomal pemetrexed alpha-L hexaglutamate (aG6) and alpha-L dodecaglutamate (aG12) (Liposomal aG6 and aG12), over 48 hours on H2342 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype) (FIG. 21A), H292 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype) (FIG. 21B), HT-29 (colon cancer) (FIG. 21C), HCC1806 (triple negative breast cancer) (FIG. 21D), MCF7 (ER+ breast cancer) (FIG. 21E), and OAW28 (ovarian cancer) (FIG. 21F). Cell viability was determined by CellTiter-Glo® (CTG) luminescent cell viability assay essentially as described in Example 1. As shown in all cell lines, the potency of each of the polyglutamated pemetrexed liposomal compositions well exceeded that of the liposomal vehicle and empty liposome controls.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure generally relates to gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions. The compositions provide advances over prior treatments of hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer. Methods of making, delivering and using the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions are also provided. The gamma polyglutamated compositions have uses that include but are not limited to treating (e.g., treating and/or preventing) hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer, disorders of the immune system such as inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious disease such as HIV and malaria. The gamma polyglutamated compositions also have uses in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapy drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with an antifolate such as methotrexate) to reduce toxic side effects associated with the therapeutic agent(s).

I. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains.

It is understood that wherever embodiments, are described herein with the language “comprising” otherwise analogous embodiments, described in terms of “containing” “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided. However, when used in the claims as transitional phrases, each should be interpreted separately and in the appropriate legal and factual context (e.g., in claims, the transitional phrase “comprising” is considered more of an open-ended phrase while the transitional phrases “consisting of” is more exclusive and “consisting essentially of” achieves a middle ground).

As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an”, and “the”, includes plural references unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended.

The term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone); and B (alone) Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

Headings and subheadings are used for convenience and/or formal compliance only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Features described under one heading or one subheading of the subject disclosure may be combined, in various embodiments, with features described under other headings or subheadings. Further it is not necessarily the case that all features under a single heading or a single subheading are used together in embodiments.

The terms “tetrahydrofolate” and “THF” are used interchangeably to include a salt, acid and and/or free base form of tetrahydrofolate (e.g., tetrahydrofolate disodium). Unless otherwise expressly stated or unambiguously clear from the context, “THF(s)” and “tetrahydrofolate(s)” include natural and unnatural THF forms, including one carbon-substituted TNF derivatives. In particular, otherwise expressly stated or unambiguously clear from the context, “THF(s)” and “tetrahydrofolate(s)” include diasteromeric compositions having a [6R] configuration at the C-6 atom of the tetrahydropterin component of the THF, diasteromeric compositions having a [6S] configuration at the C-6 atom, and/or mixtures of [6,R,S] diastereomers (e.g., 1:1). Unless otherwise expressly stated or unambiguously clear from the context, “THF(s)” and “tetrahydrofolate(s)” include: (a) 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S], [6R,S], or [6R]-5-formyl-THF); (b) 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S], [6R,S], or [6R]-5-formyl-THF); (c) 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., [6R], [6R,S], or [6S], -5,10-methenyl-THF) ; (d) 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S], [6R,S], or [6R], -5-methyl-THF); (e) Tetrahydrofolate THF ((2S)-2-{[4-({[2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)phenyl] formamido} pentanedioic acid) ((e.g., [6S], [6R,S], and [6R,] -((2S)-2-{[4-({[2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)phenyl] formamido} pentanedioic acid)); (f) 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R], [6R,S], or [SR], -5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) 5-formimino-THF (e.g., [6S], [6R,S], or [6R], -5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition containing a THF diastereomer selected from (a) [6S]-5-formyl-THF; (b) [6R]-5-formyl-THF; (c) [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF; (d) [6S]-5-methyl-THF; (e) [6S]-tetrahydrofolate; (f) [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF; and (g) [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition containing a THF diastereomer mixture (e.g., a diastereoisomeric mixture [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF (1:1), and/or a diastereoisomeric mixture [6R,S]-5-CHO-THF (1:1) Compositions containing a THF salt may further contain any of a variety of cations, such as Na⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄ ⁺, and/or Ca²⁺. In particular embodiments, the salts are pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In additional particular embodiments, the THF salt contains Na⁺. Tetrahydrofolate contains one L-gamma glutamyl group, and is therefore considered to be monoglutamated for the purpose of this disclosure.

The term “Tetrahydrofolate THF” specifically refers to a THF composition having the structure 2-{[4-({[(6S)-2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino) phenyl] formamido} pentanedioic acid. A “Tetrahydrofolate THF” may also be referred to herein as a species of tetrathydrolate (THF).

The terms “polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate”, “polyglutamated-THF”, “THF-PG”, “PTHF” and iterations thereof, are used interchangeably herein to refer to a tetrahydrofolate composition that comprises at least one glutamyl group in addition to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (i.e., THF-PG_(n), wherein n≥1). Reference to the number of glutamyl groups in a γPTHF (THF-PG) herein takes into account the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. For example, a THF-PG composition containing 5 glutamyl residues in addition to the glutamyl group of THF is referred to herein as hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate or tetrahydrofolate hexaglutamate. Polyglutamate chains comprise an N-terminal glutamyl group and one or more C-terminal glutamyl groups. The N-terminal glutamyl group of a polyglutamate chain is not linked to another glutamyl group via its amine group, but is linked to one or more glutamyl group via its carboxylic acid group. In some embodiments, the N-terminal glutamyl group of a polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. The C-terminal glutamyl group or groups of a polyglutamate chain are linked to another glutamyl group via their amine group, but are not linked to another glutamyl group via their carboxylic acid group.

In some embodiments, polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate, is a member selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF; (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF; (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF; (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF; (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate ((2S)-2-{[4-({[2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl } amino)phenyl]formamido} pentanedioic acid) ((e.g., [6S], [6R,S], and [6R,] -((2S)-2-{[4-({[2-amino-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino) phenyl] formamido} pentanedioic acid)); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF; and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF. In further embodiments, the polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is a member selected from: (a) polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF; (b) polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF; (c) polyglutamated[6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF; (d) polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF; (e) polyglutamated [6S]-tetrahydrofolate; (f) polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF; and (g) polyglutamate[6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate is a [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF diastereomeric mixture, a [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF diastereomeric mixture, or a [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF diastereomeric mixture (e.g., 1:1 w/w).

The terms “gamma glutamyl group”, “gamma glutamyl group”, and “gamma linkage”, as they relate to the linkage of a glutamyl group, refers to a glutamyl group that contains a gamma carboxyl group linkage. The gamma linkage can be between a glutamyl group and the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, or between a glutamyl group and a second glutamyl group that is not present in tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a glutamyl group within a polyglutamate chain attached to tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the gamma linkage is an amide bond between the gamma carboxyl group of one glutamyl group and a second glutamyl group. In some embodiments, the gamma linkage refers to the amide bond of the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma linkage is an amide bond between the gamma carboxyl group of one glutamyl group and a second glutamyl group. Reference to gamma linkages are inclusive of the gamma linkage of the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended. In some embodiments, the gamma glutamyl group is in the L-form. In some embodiments, the gamma glutamyl group is in the D-form. As discussed herein, during tetrahydrofolate therapy, tetrahydrofolate enters the cell and is polyglutamated by the enzyme folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), which adds L glutamyl groups serially to the gamma carboxyl group of the glutamate within tetrahydrofolate L-glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. Consequently, D-gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions are not formed within cells during tetrahydrofolate therapy.

The terms “gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate”, “γ-polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate”, “γPTHF”, “gamma polyglutamated-tetrahydrofolate”, “polyglutamated-THF”, “γTHF-PG”, and iterations thereof, are used interchangeably herein to refer to a tetrahydrofolate composition that comprises at least one gamma glutamyl group having a gamma carboxyl group linkage in addition to the gamma glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (e.g., THF-PG_(n), wherein n≥1 γ glutamyl group). Reference to the number of glutamyl groups in a γPTHF (γTHF-PG) herein takes into account the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. For example, a γTHF-PG composition containing 5 γ-glutamyl groups in addition to the glutamyl group of THF may be referred to herein as gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate or gamma tetrahydrofolate hexaglutamate.

The terms “alpha glutamyl group”, “α-glutamyl group”, and “alpha linkage”, as they relate to the linkage of a glutamyl group, refers to a glutamyl group that contains an alpha carboxyl group linkage.

As use herein, the term “isolated” refers to a composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated gamma polyglutamated compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate which is isolated is substantially pure. Isolated compositions will be free or substantially free of material with which they are naturally associated such as other cellular components such as proteins and nucleic acids with which they may potentially be found in nature, or the environment in which they are prepared (e.g., cell culture). The gamma polyglutamated compositions may be formulated with diluents or adjuvants and still for practical purposes be isolated—for example, the gamma polyglutamated compositions will normally be mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents when used in diagnosis or therapy. In some embodiments, the isolated gamma polyglutamated compositions (e.g., gamma polyglutamates and delivery vehicles such as liposomes containing the gamma polyglutamate contain less than 1% or less than 0.1% undesired DNA or protein content. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamate compositions (e.g., gamma polyglutamate and delivery vehicles such as liposomes containing the gamma polyglutamate) are “isolated.”

The term “targeting moiety” is used herein to refer to a molecule that provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., a cell, cell type, tissue, organ, region of the body, or a compartment, e.g., a cellular, tissue or organ compartment. The targeting moiety can comprise a wide variety of entities. Targeting moieties can include naturally occurring molecules, or recombinant or synthetic molecules. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody, antigen-binding antibody fragment, bispecific antibody or other antibody-based molecule or compound. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an aptamer, avimer, a receptor-binding ligand, a nucleic acid, a biotin-avidin binding pair, a peptide, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin, toxin, a component of a microorganism, a hormone, a receptor ligand or any derivative thereof. Other targeting moieties are known in the art and are encompassed by the disclosure.

The terms “specific affinity”, “specifically binds”, and “enhanced affinity”, mean that a targeting moiety such as an antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment, reacts or associates more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including proteins unrelated to antigens containing the target epitope. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific affinity can, in several embodiments, include a binding agent that recognizes an epitope on a protein and/or target molecule in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, the term “specific affinity” or “specifically binds” can include a binding agent that recognizes an epitope that is present on more than one protein and/or target molecule. It is understood that, in certain embodiments, a targeting moiety that specifically binds a first target may or may not specifically bind a second target. As such, “specific affinity” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding, e.g., binding to an epitope on a single target. Thus, a targeting moiety may, in certain embodiments, specifically bind an epitope that is present on more than one target. In certain embodiments, multiple targets may be bound by the same targeting moiety specifically binds an epitope that is present on multiple targets.

The term “epitope” refers to that portion of an antigen capable of being recognized and specifically bound by a targeting moiety (i.e., binding moiety) such as an antibody. When the antigen is a polypeptide, epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids and noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically retained upon protein denaturing, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost upon protein denaturing. An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, at least 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.

Expressions like “binding affinity for a target”, “binding to a target”, “enhanced affinity”, and analogous expressions known in the art refer to a property of a targeting moiety which may be directly measured through the determination of the affinity constants, e.g., the amount of targeting moiety that associates and dissociates at a given antigen concentration. Different methods can be used to characterize the molecular interaction, such as, but not limited to, competition analysis, equilibrium analysis and microcalorimetric analysis, and real-time interaction analysis based on surface plasmon resonance interaction (for example using a Biacore® instrument). These methods are well-known to the skilled person and are described, for example, in Neri et al., Tibtech 14:465-470 (1996), and Jansson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:8189-8197 (1997).

The term “delivery vehicle” refers generally to any compositions that acts to assist, promote or facilitate entry of gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate into a cell. Such delivery vehicles are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, liposomes, lipospheres, polymers (e.g., polymer-conjugates), peptides, proteins such as antibodies (e.g., immunoconjugates, such as Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and antigen binding antibody fragments and derivatives thereof), cellular components, cyclic oligosaccharides (e.g., cyclodextrins), micelles, microparticles (e.g., microspheres), nanoparticles (e.g., lipid nanoparticles, biodegradable nanoparticles, and core-shell nanoparticles), hydrogels, lipoprotein particles, viral sequences, viral material, or lipid or liposome formulations, and combinations thereof. The delivery vehicle can be linked directly or indirectly to a targeting moiety. In some examples, the targeting moiety is selected from among a macromolecule, a protein, a peptide, a monoclonal antibody or a fatty acid lipid.

A “subject” refers to a human or vertebrate mammal including but not limited to a dog, cat, horse, goat and primate, e.g., monkey. Thus, the invention can also be used to treat diseases or conditions in non-human subjects. For instance, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in companion animals (e.g., cats and dogs). In some embodiments, of the invention, the subject is a human. In this disclosure, the term “subject” and “patient” is used interchangeably and has the same meaning. It is preferred generally that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment.

As used herein an “effective amount” refers to a dosage of an agent sufficient to provide a medically desirable result. The effective amount will vary with the desired outcome, the particular condition being treated or prevented, the age and physical condition of the subject being treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of the concurrent or combination therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practitioner. An “effective amount” can be determined empirically and in a routine manner, in relation to the stated purpose. In the case of cancer, the effective amount of an agent may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder. To the extent the drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic. For cancer therapy, efficacy in vivo can, for example, be measured by assessing the duration of survival, duration of progression free survival (PFS), the response rates (RR), duration of response, and/or quality of life.

The terms “hyperproliferative disorder”, “proliferative disease”, and “proliferative disorder”, are used interchangeably herein to pertain to an unwanted or uncontrolled cellular proliferation of excessive or abnormal cells which is undesired, such as, neoplastic or hyperplastic growth, whether in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is cancer or tumor disease (including benign or cancerous) and/or any metastases, wherever the cancer, tumor and/or the metastasis is located. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a benign or malignant tumor. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a non-cancerous disease. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a hyperproliferative condition such as hyperplasias, fibrosis (especially pulmonary, but also other types of fibrosis, such as renal fibrosis), angiogenesis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis and smooth muscle proliferation in the blood vessels, such as stenosis or restenosis following angioplasty.

“Cancer”, “tumor”, or “malignancy”, are used as synonymous terms and refer to any of a number of cell types or diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal proliferation of cells, the ability of affected cells to spread locally or through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body (metastasize) and/or any of the characteristic structural and/or molecular features known to be associated with these cell types or diseases. “Tumor”, as used herein refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues. A “cancerous tumor”, or “malignant cell” is understood as a cell having specific structural properties, lacking differentiation and being capable of invasion and metastasis. A cancer that can be treated using a γPTHF composition provided herein includes without limitation, a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer.

Other types of cancer and tumors that may be treated using a γPTHF composition are described herein or otherwise known in the art. The terms “cancer,” “cancerous,” “cell proliferative disorder,” “proliferative disorder,” and “tumor” are not mutually exclusive as referred to herein.

Terms such as “treating”, “treatment”, or “to treat”, refer to both (a) therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of, and/or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or disorder and (b) prophylactic or preventative measures that prevent and/or slow the development of a targeted disease or condition. Thus, subjects in need of treatment include those already with the cancer, disorder or disease; those at risk of having the cancer or condition; and those in whom the infection or condition is to be prevented. Subjects are identified as “having or at risk of having” cancer, an infectious disease, a disorder of the immune system, a hyperproliferative disease, or another disease or disorder referred to herein using well-known medical and diagnostic techniques. In certain embodiments, a subject is successfully “treated” according to the methods provided herein if the subject shows, e.g., total, partial, or transient amelioration or elimination of a symptom associated with the disease or condition (e.g., cancer, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis). In specific embodiments, the terms treating”, or “treatment”, or “to treat”, refer to the amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter of a proliferative disorder, such as growth of a tumor, not necessarily discernible by the patient. In other embodiments, the terms treating”, or “treatment”, or “to treat”, refer to the inhibition of the progression of a proliferative disorder, either physically by, e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom, physiologically by, e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter, or both. In other embodiments, the terms treating”, or “treatment”, or “to treat”, refer to the reduction or stabilization of tumor size, tumor cell proliferation or survival, or cancerous cell count. Treatment can be with a γ-PTHF composition, alone or in combination with an additional therapeutic agent.

“Subject”, “patient”, and “animal”, are used interchangeably and refer to mammals such as human patients and non-human primates, as well as experimental animals such as rabbits, rats, and mice, and other animals. Animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as chickens, amphibians, and reptiles. “Mammal” as used herein refers to any member of the class Mammalia, including, without limitation, humans and nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses; domestic mammals such as dogs and cats; laboratory animals including rodents such as mice, rats and guinea pigs, and other members of the class Mammalia known in the art. In a particular embodiment, the subject is a human.

“Treatment of a proliferative disorder” is used herein to include maintaining or decreasing tumor size, inducing tumor regression (either partial or complete), inhibiting tumor growth, and/or increasing the life span of a subject having the proliferative disorder. In one embodiment, the proliferative disorder is a solid tumor. Such tumors include, for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma. In one embodiment, the proliferative disorder is a hematologic malignancy. Such hematologic malignancies include for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias.

The term “autoimmune disease” as used herein is defined as a disorder that results from an autoimmune response. An autoimmune disease is the result of an inappropriate and excessive response to a self-antigen. Examples of autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to, Addison's disease, alopecia areata, ankylosing spondylitis, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune parotitis, Crohn's disease, diabetes (Type I), dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, epididymitis, glomerulonephritis, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barr syndrome, Hashimoto's disease, hemolytic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus vulgaris, psoriasis, rheumatic fever, inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, spondyloarthropathies, thyroiditis, vasculitis, vitiligo, myxedema, pernicious anemia, and ulcerative colitis, among others.

The term “therapeutic agent” is used herein to refer to an agent or a derivative thereof that can interact with a hyperproliferative cell such as a cancer cell or an immune cell, thereby reducing the proliferative status of the cell and/or killing the cell. Examples of therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, cytotoxic agents, platinum-based agents (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin), taxanes (e.g., TAXOL®), etoposide, alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosamide), metabolic antagonists (e.g., tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-fluorouracil gemcitabine, or derivatives thereof), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., mitomycin, doxorubicin), plant-derived antitumor agents (e.g., vincristine, vindesine, Taxol). Such agents may further include, but are not limited to, the anticancer agents trimetrexate, temozolomide, tetrahydrofolate, S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR), 6-benzyguanidine (6-BG), bis-chloronitrosourea (BCNU) and camptothecin, or a therapeutic derivative of any thereof. Additional examples of therapeutic agents that may be suitable for use in accordance with the disclosed methods include, without limitation, anti-restenosis, pro- or anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antimitotic, anti-platelet, anticoagulant, antifibrin, antithrombin, cytostatic, antibiotic and other anti-infective agents, anti-enzymatic, anti-metabolic, angiogenic, cytoprotective, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibiting, angiotensin II receptor antagonizing and/or cardioprotective agents. “Therapeutic agents” also refer to salts, acids, and free based forms of the above agents.

As used herein, the term “chemotherapeutic agent” when used in relation to cancer therapy, refers to any agent that results in the death of cancer cells or inhibits the growth or spread of cancer cells. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents, antibiotics, antimetabolites, plant-derived agents, and hormones. In some embodiments, the disclosed gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions are used in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is 5-fluorouracil. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is cisplatin. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is carboplatin. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is oxaliplatin. In other embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is gemcitabine. In other embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin. In particualr embodidments, the chemotherapeutic agent is a pyrimidine analog (e.g., a fluorpyrimidine such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)).

The term “antimetabolite” is used herein to refer to a therapeutic agent that inhibits the utilization of a metabolite or a prodrug thereof. Examples of antimetabolites include 5-FU and 5-FU metabolites and/or prodrugs such as 5-FUMP, 5-FUDP, 5-FdUMP, capecitabine, tegafur 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate; and cytarabine and cytarabine prodrugs such as nelarabine, 5-azacytidine, gemcitabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, azathioprine, adenosine, pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, and cladribine. Anti-metabolites useful for practicing the disclosed methods include nucleoside analogs, including a purine or pyrimidine analogs. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions are used in combination with an antimetabolite selected from the group consisting of: a fluoropyrimidine, 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-1-(oxolan-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-dione, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, troxacitabine, decitabine, Azacytidine, pseudoisocytidine, Zebularine, Ancitabine, Fazarabine, 6-azacytidine, capecitabine, N4-octadecyl-cytarabine, elaidic acid cytarabine, fludarabine, cladribine, clofarabine, nelarabine, forodesine, and pentostatin, or a derivative thereof. In one example, the nucleoside analog is a substrate for a nucleoside deaminase that is adenosine deaminase or cytidine deaminase. In some examples, the nucleoside analog is selected from among fludarabine, cytarabine, gemcitabine, decitabine and azacytidine or derivatives thereof. In some examples, the nucleoside analog is selected from N3-alkylated analogues of 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil derivatives with 1,4-oxaheteroepane moieties, 5-fluorouracil and nucleoside analogues, cis- and trans-5-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-6-alkoxyuracil, cyclopentane 5-fluorouracil analogues, A-OT-fluorouracil, N4-trimethoxybenzoyl-5′-deoxy-5-fluoro-cytidine and 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, B-3839, uracil-1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil, 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-fl-uorouracil, doxifluridine, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 1-acetyl-3-O-toluoyl-5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil-m-formylbenzene-sulfonate (JP 55059173), N′-(2-furanidyl)-5-fluorouracil (JP 53149985) and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil or derivatives thereof. In particular embodiments, the antimetabolite is a pyrimidine analog or a pyrimidine analog prodrug (e.g., a fluorpyrimidine). In certain embodiments, the antimetabolite is 5-fluorouracil.

As used herein, a “taxane” is an anti-cancer agent that interferes with or disrupts microtubule stability, formation and/or function. Taxane agents include paclitaxel and docetaxel as well as derivatives thereof, wherein the derivatives function against microtubules by the same mode of action as the taxane from which they are derived. In certain embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel or docetaxel, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, or derivative of paclitaxel or docetaxel. In certain embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel (TAXOL®), docetaxel (TAXOTERE®), albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel; ABRAXANE®), DHA-paclitaxel, or PG-paclitaxel.

The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, carrier, excipient, stabilizer, diluent, or preservative. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers can include for example, one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a human or other subject.

This disclosure generally relates to gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) compositions and methods of making and using the compositions to treat diseases including hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer, disorders of the immune system such as rheumatoid arthritis, and infectious disease such as HIV and malaria. The gamma polyglutamated compositions also have uses in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapy drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with an antifolate such as methotrexate) to reduce toxic side effects associated with the therapeutic agent(s).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides:

-   [1] a composition comprising a γPTHF; -   [2] the composition of [1], wherein the gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-formyl-THF);     -   (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-10-formyl-THF);     -   (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF);     -   (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-methyl-THF);     -   (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-tetrahydrofolate);     -   (f) polyglutamated-5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and     -   (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated         [6S]-5-formimino-THF); -   [3] the composition of [1] or [2], wherein the γPTHF contains 4, 5,     2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups having gamma carboxyl     group linkages; -   [4] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the γPTHF     is gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [5] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the γPTHF     is gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [6] the composition according to any of [1]-[3], wherein the γPTHF     is gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [7] the composition according to any of [1]-[6], wherein     -   (a) the γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the         L-form having gamma carboxyl group linkages,     -   (b) each of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF is in the L-form         and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage,     -   (c) at least one of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF is in the         D-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage,     -   (d) each of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF other than the         glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and has a         gamma carboxyl group linkage, or     -   (e) the γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the         L-form and at least one glutamyl group in the D-form having         gamma carboxyl group linkages; -   [8] the composition according to [4], wherein (a) each of the     glutamyl groups is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group     linkage or (b) each of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl     group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the     gluytamyl groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [9] the composition of [5], wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups     is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each     of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of     tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl     groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [10] the composition of [6], wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups     is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each     of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of     tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl     groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage; -   [11] the composition according to any of [1]-[10], wherein the γPTHF     is polyglutamable by FGPS under physiological conditions and/or     wherein the polyglutamated THF has a lower uptake rate (<30%) by     hepatic cells than THF; -   [12] a liposomal composition comprising the γPTHF according to any     of [1]-[11] (Lp-γPTHF); -   [13] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [12], wherein the γPTHF     comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form; -   [14] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [12] or [13], wherein     each of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF is in the L-form; -   [15] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [12] or [13], wherein at least one     of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF is in the D-form; -   [16] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[15], wherein     the liposome comprises a γPTHF comprising 1-10 glutamyl groups     having gamma carboxyl group linkages; -   [17] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[16], wherein     the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more     than 5, glutamyl groups; -   [18] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [19] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [20] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[17], wherein     the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate; -   [21] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[20], wherein     the liposome is not pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF); -   [22] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[20], wherein     the liposome is pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF); -   [23] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[22], wherein     the liposomes comprise at least 1% weight by weight (w/w) of the     γPTHF or wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at     least 1% of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is     encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF; -   [24] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[23], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm; -   [25] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[24], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm; -   [26] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[25], wherein     the liposome has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm; -   [27] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[26], wherein     the liposome is formed from liposomal components; -   [28] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [27], wherein the     liposomal components comprise at least one of an anionic lipid and a     neutral lipid; -   [29] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [27] or [28], wherein the     liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the group     consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-maleimide; HSPC; HSPC-PEG;     cholesterol; cholesterol-PEG; and cholesterol-maleimide; -   [30] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [27]-[29], wherein     the liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the     group consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-FITC;     DSPE-PEG-maleimide; cholesterol; and HSPC; -   [31] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [27]-[30], wherein     one or more liposomal components further comprises a steric     stabilizer; -   [32] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [31], wherein the steric     stabilizer is at least one selected from the group consisting of     polyethylene glycol (PEG); poly-L-lysine (PLL); monosialoganglioside     (GM1); poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); poly(acrylamide) (PAA);     poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline); poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); phosphatidyl     polyglycerol; poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide]; amphiphilic     poly-N-vinylpyrrolidones; L-amino-acid-based polymer; oligoglycerol,     copolymer containing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene oxide,     Poloxamer 188, and polyvinyl alcohol; -   [33] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [32], wherein the steric     stabilizer is PEG and the PEG has a number average molecular weight     (Mn) of 200 to 5000 daltons; -   [34] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome is anionic or neutral; -   [35] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is less than or equal to     zero; -   [36] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is between 0 to -150 mV; -   [37] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome has a zeta potential that is between −30 to −50 mV; -   [38] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[33], wherein     the liposome is cationic; -   [39] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[38], wherein     the liposome has an interior space comprising the γPTHF and an     aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; -   [40] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [39], wherein the pharmaceutically     acceptable carrier comprises a tonicity agent such as dextrose,     mannitol, glycerine, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, at a     concentration of greater than 1%; -   [41] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [39], wherein the aqueous     pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is trehalose; -   [42] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [41], wherein the pharmaceutically     acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% trehalose; -   [43] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[42], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% dextrose     solution; -   [44] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[43], wherein     the interior space of the liposome comprises 5% dextrose suspended     in an HEPES buffered solution; -   [45] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[44], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a buffer such as     HEPES Buffered Saline (HBS) or similar, at a concentration of     between 1 to 200 mM and a pH of between 2 to 8; -   [46] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[45], wherein     the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a total     concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 50 mM     to 500 mM; -   [47] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[46], wherein     the interior space of the liposome has a pH of 5-8 or a pH of 6-7,     or any range therein between; -   [48] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[47], wherein     the liposome comprises less than 500,000 or less than 200,000     molecules of the γPTHF; -   [49] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[48], wherein     the liposome comprises between 10 to 100,000 molecules of the γPTHF,     or any range therein between; -   [50] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[49], which     further comprises a targeting moiety and wherein the targeting     moiety has a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target     cell of interest; -   [51] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to [50], wherein the     targeting moiety is attached to one or both of a PEG and the     exterior of the liposome, optionally wherein targeting moiety is     attached to one or both of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome     by a covalent bond; -   [52] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [50] or [51], wherein the targeting     moiety is a polypeptide; -   [53] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[52], wherein     the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment     of an antibody; -   [54] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[53], wherein     the targeting moiety binds the surface antigen with an equilibrium     dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as     determined using BIACORE® analysis; -   [55] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[54], wherein     the targeting moiety specifically binds one or more folate receptors     selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α),     folate receptor beta (FR-β), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ); -   [56] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[55], wherein     the targeting moiety comprises one or more selected from the group     consisting of: an antibody, a humanized antibody, an antigen binding     fragment of an antibody, a single chain antibody, a single-domain     antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a synthetic antibody, a pegylated     antibody, and a multimeric antibody; -   [57] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [50]-[56], wherein     each pegylated liposome comprises from 1 to 1000 or 30-200 targeting     moieties; -   [58] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [39]-[57], further     comprising one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable     marker and a maleimide, wherein the immunostimulatory agent, the     detectable marker or the maleimide is attached to said PEG or the     exterior of the liposome; -   [59] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [58], wherein the immunostimulating     agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a     protein immunostimulating agent; a nucleic acid immunostimulating     agent; a chemical immunostimulating agent; a hapten; and an     adjuvant; -   [60] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [58] or [59], wherein the     immunostimulating agent is at least one selected from the group     consisting of: a fluorescein; a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); a     DNP; a beta glucan; a beta-1,3-glucan; a beta-1,6-glucan; a resolvin     (e.g., a Resolvin D such as D_(n-6DPA) or D_(n-3DPA), a Resolvin E,     or a T series resolvin); and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulating     agent such as, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (e.g. OXPAC,     PGPC), and an eritoran lipid (e.g., E5564); -   [61] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [58]-[60], wherein     the immunostimulatory agent and the detectable marker is the same; -   [62] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [58]-[61], further     comprising a hapten; -   [63] the Lp-γPTHF composition of [62], wherein the hapten comprises     one or more of fluorescein or beta 1,6-glucan; -   [64] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[63], which     further comprises at least one cryoprotectant selected from the     group consisting of mannitol; trehalose; sorbitol; and sucrose; -   [65] a targeted composition comprising the composition according to     any of [1]-[64]; -   [66] a non-targeted composition comprising the composition according     to any of [1]-[49]; -   [67] the Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of [12]-[66], which     further comprises carboplatin and/or pembroluzumab; -   [68] a pharmaceutical composition comprising the liposomal γPTHF     composition according to any of [12]-[67]; -   [69] a pharmaceutical composition comprising γPTHF composition     according to any of [1]-[7]; -   [70] the composition of any of [1]-[69], for use in the treatment of     disease; -   [71] use of the composition of any of [1]-[70], in the manufacture     of a medicament for the treatment of disease and/or for use in     combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a     chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the     effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant”     (e.g., in combination with an antifolate such as methotrexate) to     reduce a toxic side effect associated with the therapeutic agent(s); -   [72] a method for treating (e.g., treating and/or preventing)     disease or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such     treatment or prevention, the method comprising administering the     composition of any of [1]-[70] to the subject; -   [73] a method for treating (e.g., treating and/or preventing)     disease or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such     treatment or prevention, the method comprising administering the     liposomal γPTHF composition of any of [12]-[69] to the subject; -   [74] a method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises     contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the composition of any of     [1]-[69]; -   [75] a method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises     contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the liposomal γPTHF     composition of any of [12]-[69]; -   [76] the method of [74] or [75], wherein the hyperproliferative cell     is a cancer cell, a mammalian cell, and/or a human cell; -   [77] a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an     effective amount of the composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject     having or at risk of having cancer; -   [78] a method for treating (e.g., treating and/or preventing) cancer     that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal     γPTHF composition of any of [12]-[68] to a subject having or at risk     of having cancer; -   [79] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is     selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy     including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer,     breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck     cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer,     esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer,     biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma     (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer,     and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a     leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and     other plasma cell dyscrasias; -   [80] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a     member selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, breast     cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, bladder     cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer; -   [81] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a     member selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer,     breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic     cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer     and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer,     gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer; -   [82] the method of [77] or [78], wherein the composition is     administered to treat or prevent colorectal cancer; -   [83] a method for treating (e.g., treating and/or preventing) cancer     that comprises administering an effective amount of the Lp-γPTHF     composition of any of [50]-[66] to a subject having or at risk of     having a cancer cell that expresses on its surface a folate receptor     bound by the targeting moiety; -   [84] a maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective     amount of the composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject that is     undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy; -   [85] a maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective     amount of the liposomal γPTHF composition of any of [12]-[69] to a     subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy; -   [86] a method for treating a disorder of the immune system that     comprises administering an effective amount of the composition of     any of [1]-[69] to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder     of the immune system, optionally wherein the disorder of the immune     system is selected from: inflammation (e.g., acute and chronic),     systemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel     disease (IBD), Crohn disease, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic     lupus erythematosus, and Takayasu, and psoriasis; -   [87] a method for treating a disorder of the immune system that     comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal γPTHF     composition of any of [8]-[69] to a subject having or at risk of     having a disorder of the immune system, optionally wherein the     disorder of the immune system is selected from: inflammation (e.g.,     acute and chronic), systemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis,     inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn disease,     dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and     Takayasu, and psoriasis; -   [88] a method for treating:     -   (a) leukopenia that comprises administering an effective amount         of the composition according to any of [1]-[59] to a subject         having or at risk of having leukopenia;     -   (b) an infectious disease that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[69]         to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease;     -   (c) cardiovascular disease or metabolic disease that comprises         administering an effective amount of the composition according         to any of [1]-[59] to a subject having or at risk of having an         infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, or another disease,         wherein the disease is a member selected from: atherosclerosis,         cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary artery disease,         myocardial infarction, stroke, metabolic syndrome, a gestational         trophoblastic disease, and ectopic pregnancy;     -   (d) an autoimmune disease, that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having an autoimmune disease;     -   (e) rheumatoid arthritis, that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having rheumatoid arthritis;     -   (f) an inflammatory condition that comprises administering an         effective amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59]         to a subject having or at risk of having inflammation,         optionally wherein the inflammation is acute, chronic, and/or         systemic inflammation; or     -   (g) a skin condition that comprises administering an effective         amount of the composition according to any of [1]-[59] to a         subject having or at risk of having a skin condition, optionally         wherein the skin condition is psoriasis; -   [89] a method for treating an infectious disease that comprises     administering an effective amount of the liposomal γPTHF composition     of any of [12]-[69] to a subject having or at risk of having an     infectious disease; -   [90] a method of delivering γPTHF to a tumor expressing a folate     receptor on its surface, the method comprising: administering the     Lp-γPTHF composition of any of [1]-[69] to a subject having the     tumor in an amount to deliver a therapeutically effective dose of     the γPTHF to the tumor; -   [91] a method of preparing a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     composition comprising the liposomal gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate composition of any of [12]-[69], the method     comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and     gamma polyglutamated antifolate in solution; homogenizing the     mixture to form liposomes in the solution; and processing the     mixture to form liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate; -   [92] a method of preparing a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate     composition comprising the liposomal gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate composition of any of [12]-[69], the method     comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and     gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in solution; and processing     the mixture to form liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated     tetrahydrofolate, -   [93] the method of [92], wherein the processing the mixture     comprises homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the     solution, -   [94] a method of preparing the composition of any of [50]-[69]     comprising the steps of: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal     components and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a solution;     homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution;     processing the mixture to form liposomes entrapping and/or     encapsulating gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate; and providing a     targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes, the targeting moiety     having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha     (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta     (FR-δ); -   [95] a method of preparing the composition of any of [50]-[69],     comprising the steps of: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal     components and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a solution;     processing the mixture to form liposomes entrapping and/or     encapsulating gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate; and providing a     targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes, the targeting moiety     having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha     (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-δ) and folate receptor delta     (FR-δ); -   [96] the method of [95], wherein the processing step comprises     homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution, -   [97] the method according to [92], wherein the processing step     includes one or more steps of: thin film hydration, extrusion,     in-line mixing, ethanol injection technique, freezing-and-thawing     technique, reverse-phase evaporation, dynamic high pressure     microfluidization, microfluidic mixing, double emulsion,     freeze-dried double emulsion, 3D printing, membrane contactor     method, and stirring; and/or -   [98] the method according to any of [95] to [97], wherein said     processing step includes one or more steps of modifying the size of     the liposomes by one or more of steps of extrusion, high-pressure     microfluidization, and/or sonication; and/or -   [99] the method of any of [91] to [98], wherein at least 1% of the     starting material of gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is     encapsulated or entrapped in the liposomes.

II. Gamma Polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF)

The disclosure generally relates γPTHF (γPTHF) compositions. The γPTHF compositions comprise at least one glutamyl group having a gamma carboxyl group linkage. These structurally distinct from the L-gamma polyglutamated forms of tetrahydrofolate (Lγ1PTHF) that are produced by the enzyme folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) in cells during tetrahydrofolate therapy.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, or more than 5, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, have a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, 2 or more of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF have a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form and one or more glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is diglutamated. That is, the γPTHF contains 1 γ-glutamyl group in addition to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (γTHF-PG₁). In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma diglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma diglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is triglutamated. That is, the γPTHF contains 2 γ-glutamyl groups in addition to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate (γTHF-PG₂). In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma triglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma triglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the γ-triglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the γ-triglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is tetraglutamated and thus contains 3 γ-glutamyl groups in addition to the γ-glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate (γTHF-PG₃). In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the γ-glutamyl groups of the gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises 2 γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the tetraglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is pentaglutamated (γTHF-PG₄) and contains a chain of 4 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises 2 or 3, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the γ-glutamyl groups of the gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the pentaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is hexaglutamated (γTHF-PG₅) and contains a chain of 5 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises 2, 3, 4, or 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the hexaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is heptaglutamated (γTHF-PG₆) and thus contains a chain of 6 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma heptaglutamated THF comprises two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the γ-glutamyl groups of the gamma heptaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma heptaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the gamma tetraglutamated THF comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the γ-glutamyl groups of the gamma heptaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the heptaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is octaglutamated (γTHF-PG₇) and thus contains a chain of 7 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma octaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma octaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma octaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In some embodiments, the gamma octaglutamated THF comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma octaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the octaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is nonaglutamated (γTHF-PG₈) and contains a chain of 8 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma nonaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma nonaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma nonaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma nonaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the nonaglutamated THF comprises a γ-glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is decaglutamated (γTHF-PG₉) and contains a chain of 9 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma decaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma decaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma decaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma decaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the decaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is undecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₀) and contains a chain of 10 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma undecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma undecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma undecaglutamated THF comprises a D glutamyl group. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma undecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the undecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is dodecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₁) and contains a chain of 11 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma dodecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma dodecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma dodecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma dodecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the dodecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is triskaidecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₂) and contains a chain of 12 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma triskaidecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma triskaidecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma triskaidecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma triskaidecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the triskaidecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is tetradecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₃) and contains a chain of 13 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma tetradecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma tetradecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma tetradecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma tetradecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the tetradecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is pentadecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₄) and contains a chain of 14 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma pentadecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma pentadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma pentadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma pentadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the pentadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is hexadecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₅) and contains a chain of 15 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma hexadecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma hexadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma hexadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma hexadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the hexadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In other embodiments, the γPTHF is heptadecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₆) and contains a chain of 16 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma heptadecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma heptadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma heptadecaglutamated THF comprises a D glutamyl group. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma heptadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the heptadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is octadecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₇) and contains a chain of 17 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma octadecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma octadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma octadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma octadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the octadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is enneadecaglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₈) and contains a chain of 18 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma enneadecaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma enneadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma enneadecaglutamated THF comprises a D glutamyl group. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma enneadecaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the enneadecaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is icosiglutamated (γTHF-PG₁₉) and contains a chain of 19 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma icosiglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma icosiglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma icosiglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma icosiglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the icosiglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is icosikaihenaglutamated (γTHF-PG₂₀) and contains a chain of 20 γ-glutamyl groups attached to the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the gamma icosikaihenaglutamated THF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma icosikaihenaglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In other embodiments, the gamma icosikaihenaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma icosikaihenaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In additional embodiments, the icosikaihenaglutamated THF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains a chain of 4-7 glutamyl groups attached to tetrahydrofolate (i.e., γTHF-PGn, wherein n=4-7) and each of the 4-7 attached glutamyl groups have a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, each of the 4-7 attached glutamyl groups is in the L-form. In other embodiments, each of the 4-7 attached glutamyl groups is in the D-form. In other embodiments, the 4-7 attached glutamyl groups are in the L-form and the D-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF is tetraglutamated and each of the 3 glutamyl groups in the polyglutamate chain attached to the tetrahydrofolate contains a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, each of the 4 glutamyl groups is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In other embodiments, at least two glutamyl groups in the gamma tetraglutamate tetrahydrofolate are in the L-form and at least one glutamyl group is in the D-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF is pentaglutamated and each of the 4 glutamyl groups in the polyglutamate chain attached to the tetrahydrofolate contains a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, each of the 4 glutamyl groups is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In other embodiments, at least two glutamyl groups in the gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate are in the L-form and at least one glutamyl group is in the D-form.

In one embodiment, the γPTHF is hexaglutamated. In some embodiments, each of the 5 glutamyl groups is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In other embodiments, at least two glutamyl groups in the gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate are in the L-form and at least one glutamyl group is in the D-form.

In another embodiment, the γPTHF is heptaglutamated. In some embodiments, each of the 6 glutamyl groups is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the gamma heptaglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate, is in the D-form. In other embodiments, at least two glutamyl groups in the gamma heptaglutamated tetrahydrofolate are in the L-form and at least one glutamyl group is in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains a total of 1-15, 1-10, 2-15, 2-10, 3-15, 3-10, 3-6, 3-5, 4-10, 4-7, or 4-6, glutamyl groups including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate have a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14, of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF have a gamma linkage. In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises γ glutamyl groups in the L-form and the D-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the polyglutamate structure of the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form. In one embodiment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15, of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF is in the L-form. In another embodiment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14, of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF is in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the γPTHF contains 20-100, 20-75, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 20-25, or more than 100, gamma glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF is in the L-form. In other embodiments, each of the glutamyl groups of the γPTHF other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form. In alternative embodiments, at least two of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF are in the L-form and at least one of the glutamyl groups in the γPTHF is in the D-form

In additional embodiments, the provided compositions comprise a γPTHF that contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1-10, or 1-20, glutamyl groups that have gamma linkages. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1-10, or 1-20, glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1-10, or 1-20, glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the γPTHF contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1-10, or 1-20, glutamyl groups in the L-form and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 1-10 or 1-20, glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition provided herein is capbable of adding one or more additional glutamyl groups that, is the composition is able to act as a substrate for by FPGS (folylpolyglutamate synthetase). Reagents and assays and reagents for determining the ability of a γPTHF composition to act as a substrate for FPGS (e.g., human FPGS, or rat liver FPGS) are readily available and can routinely be performed.

In some embodiments, the rate of uptake of naked gamma PPMX compositions disclosed herein (e.g., gamma PTHF that is not associated with a delivery vehicle) are taken up by hepatic cells at a significantly reduced rated compared to the uptake rate of tetrahydrofolate under the same physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the rate of hepatic cell uptake of the naked gamma PTHF composition is less than 30%, 20%, 15%, or 10% compared to the rate of tetrahydrofolate. In further embodiemnts, the rate of the efflux (transport out) of gamma PTHF compositions disclosed herein from hepatic-cells occurs at a rate that is significantly reduced compared to tetrahydrofolate (e.g., less than 30%, 20%, 15%, or 10%) compared to the rate of tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF compositions do not contain a fluorine atom. In some embodiments, the γPTHF compositions do not contain a 4-fluoroglutamyl group.

Gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) compositions and their uses are further disclosed in U.S. Appl. Nos. 62/374,458, 62/583,432, 62/630,820 and 62/630,821; 62/630,824, 62/630,825, Ser. Nos. 15/675,695, and 15/675,701; and Intl. Appl. Nos. PCT/US2017/046666, and PCT/US2017/046667, the contents of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A. Polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate Analogs and Derivatives

The disclosure also encompasses γPTHF derivatives and analogs. The compositions and methods disclosed herein are envisioned to apply to any and every known derivative or analog of tetrahydrofolate that is polyglutamated. In some embodiments the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate analog or derivative composition prepared and used according to the disclosed compositions and methods is depicted in FIGS. 1I-1J. In some embodiments the analog corresponds to a modified form of tetrahydrofolate wherein the glutamly group of tetrahydrofolate is not linked to the remainder of tetrahydrofolate molecule through a gamma peptide linkage. In some embodiments, the analog is a variant form of tetrahydrofolate wherein the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate in in the D-form. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated form of tetrahydrofolate, or polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate analog or derivative is not fluorinated.

B. THF-PG Synthesis

The tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate compositions provided herein may be obtained by following synthetic procedures using available reagents and synthetic intermdiates. The addition of glutamyl residues to the glutamyl residues of tetrahydrofolate can be accomplished using synthetic procedures known in the art. In some embodiments, glutamyl residues are added serially to the glutamyl residue of tetrahydrofolate. In additional embodiments, polyglutamates are added to the glutamyl reside of tetrahydrofolate using “click chemistry” methods or other bioconjugate chemistries known to those in the art. Alternatively a peptide of glutamyl residues can be generated of the desired length and added to a precurser of tetrahydrofolate which does not have a glutamyl residue. The peptide can be produced using synthetic procedures known in the art. In some embodiments, an initial glutamyl residue is bonded to wang resin and additional glutamyl residues are added serially via solid phase peptide synthesis using F-moc chemistry. After the final glutamyl residue is added the tetrahydrofolate precurser is coupled to the peptide and the molecule is cleaved from the resin.

The addition of glutamyl residues to the glutamyl residues of tetrahydrofolate can be accomplished using synthetic procedures known in the art. In some embodiments, glutamyl residues are added serially to the glutamyl residue of tetrahydrofolate. In additional embodiments, polyglutamates are added to the glutamyl reside of tetrahydrofolate using “click chemistry” methods or other bioconjugate chemistries known to those in the art. Alternatively a peptide of glutamyl residues can be generated of the desired length and added to a precurser of tetrahydrofolate which does not have a glutamyl residue. The peptide can be produced using synthetic procedures known in the art. In some embodiments, an initial glutamyl residue is bonded to wang resin and additional glutamyl residues are added serially via solid phase peptide synthesis using F-moc chemistry. After the final glutamyl residue is added the tetrahydrofolate precurser is coupled to the peptide and the molecule is cleaved from the resin.

C. Tetrahydrofolate-PG Complexes

The inventors have surprising found that polyglutamated anifolates that share similar structural and chemical features with tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) are able to form complexes with other compositions including therapeutic agents, including cytotoxic compounds such as platinum-based compounds. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex of a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a therapeutic agent or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF/complex comprise γPTHF and a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic compound such as a chemotherapeutic agent. In further embodiments, the γPTHF/complex contains a platinum-based drug such as platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin). In other embodiments, the αPTHF/complex contains a taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel). In other embodiments, the γPTHF/complex contains a cyclodextrin. In further embodiments, the γPTHF/complex is encapsulated in a liposome

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a complex of a γPTHF and a therapeutic agent or a salt or acid thereof. In further embodiments, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 2-150, 2-100, 2-75, 2-50, 2-24, 2-30, 2-20, 2-19, 2-15, 2-10, or 2-5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, or 3-7, glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, or 4-5, glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In one particular embodiment, the complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 3-10 glutamyl groups. In further embodiments, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 3-7 glutamyl groups. In another embodiment, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 5 glutamyl groups. In another embodiment, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex comprises one or more γPTHF containing 6 glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic compound or a salt or acid thereof. In a further embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent or a salt or acid thereof. In another embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a platinum-based drug. In another embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a taxane-based drug. In additional embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/therapeutic agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/therapeutic agent in the complex is: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/therapeutic agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPPTHF/therapeutic agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In some embodiments, the γPTHF/therapeutic agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In an alternative embodiment, the γPTHF complex comprises γPTHF and cyclodextrin. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF (e.g., γPTHF salt)/cyclodextrin in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cyclodextrin in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cyclodextrin in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cyclodextrin in the complex is: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cyclodextrin in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cyclodextrin is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In some embodiments, the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a γPTHF/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex. In some embodiments, the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of a cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF//platinum-based agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of a cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based analog in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based analog in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based analog in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based analog in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum-based analog is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF//platinum-based analog complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In further embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex containing γPTHF and cisplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF//cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a complex containing γPTHF and carboplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a complex containing γPTHF and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (platinum) selected from the group consisting of: nedaplatin, heptaplatin, lobaplatin, stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, and dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of nedaplatin, heptaplatin, lobaplatin, stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, or dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of of γPTHF/platinum (or platinum salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/platinum (or salt or acid or analog thereof) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a γPTHF/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent (taxane) complex. In some embodiments, the taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DTX), larotaxel (LTX), and cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/taxane-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/taxane (or taxane salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/taxane (or taxane salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/taxane (or taxane salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/taxane (or taxane salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γ γPTHF/taxane (or taxane salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/taxane-based agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and paclitaxel (PTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of paclitaxel (PTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and docetaxel (DTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of docetaxel (DTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and larotaxel (LTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of larotaxel (LTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the γPTHF/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and another anti-metabolite, or a salt or acid thereof. An anti-metabolite is a chemical with a structure that is similar to a metabolite required for normal biochemical reactions, yet different enough to interfere with one or more normal functions of cells, such as cell division. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and tetrahydrofolate (THF), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising γPTHF and an anti-metabolite selected from the group consisting of, gemcitabine, fluorouracil, capecitabine, an antifoilate (e.g., tetrahydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate), tegafur, cytosine arabinoside, thioguanine, 5-azacytidine, 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, 6-thioguanine, pentostatin, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salt or acids, acids, or derivatives of any of these. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-20:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 2-8:1, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/anti-metabolite (or anti-metabolite salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex of γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a cyclodextrin. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are groups of cyclic oligosaccharides which have been shown to improve physicochemical properties of many drugs through formation of complexes. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of several D-glucose units linked by α-(1,4) bonds. This cyclic configuration provides a hydrophobic internal cavity and gives the CDs a truncated cone shape. Many hydroxyl groups are situated on the edges of the ring which make the CDs both lipophilic and soluble in water. As a result, CDs are able to form complexes with a wide variety of hydrophobic agents, and thus change the physical-chemical properties of these complexed agents.

The terms “cyclodextrin” or “CD” unless otherwise specified herein, refer generally to a parent or derivatized cyclic oligosaccharide containing a variable number of (α-1,4)-linked D-glucopyranoside units that is able to form a complex with a tetrahydrofolate-PG. Each cyclodextrin glucopyranoside subunit has secondary hydroxyl groups at the 2 and 3 positions and a primary hydroxyl group at the 6-position. The terms “parent”, “underivatized”, or “inert”, cyclodextrin refer to a cyclodextrin containing D-glucopyranoside units having the basic formula C₆H₁₂O₆ and a glucose structure without any additional chemical substitutions (e.g., α-cyclodextrin consisting of 6 D-glucopyranoside units, a β-cyclodextrin cyclodextrin consisting of 7 D-glucopyranoside units, and a γ-cyclodextrin cyclodextrin consisting of 8 D-glucopyranoside units). The physical and chemical properties of a parent cyclodextrin can be modified by derivatizing the hydroxyl groups with other functional groups. Any substance located within the cyclodextrin internal phase is said to be “complexed” with the cyclodextrin, or to have formed a complex (inclusion complex) with the cyclodextrin.

As used herein, there are no particular limitations on the cyclodextrin component of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complexes so long as the cyclodextrins can form complexes with the γPTHF. In particular embodiments, the cyclodextrins have been derivatized to bear ionizable (e.g., weakly basic and/or weakly acidic) functional groups to facilitate complex formation with γPTHF and/or liposome encapsulation.

Modifications of the hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrins, such as those facing away from the cyclodextrin interior phase, with ionizable chemical groups is known to facilitate the loading of cyclodextrins and therapeutic agents complexed with the cyclodextrins. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex has at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, hydroxyl group substituted with an ionizable chemical group. The term “charged cyclodextrin” refers to a cyclodextrin having one or more of its hydroxyl groups substituted with a charged moiety. Such a moiety can itself be a charged group or it can comprise an organic moiety (e.g., a C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl ether moiety) substituted with one or more charged moieties.

In some embodiments, the “ionizable” or “charged” moieties of a CD derivative are weakly ionizable. Weakly ionizable moieties are those that are either weakly basic or weakly acidic. Weakly basic functional groups (W) have a pKa of between about 6.0-9.0, 6.5-8.5, 7.0-8.0, 7.5-8.0, and any range in between inclusive according to CH3-W Similarly, weakly acidic functional groups (X) have a log dissociation constant (pKa) of between about 3.0-7.0, 4.0-6.5, 4.5-6.5, 5.0-6.0, 5.0-5.5, and any range in between inclusive according to CH3-X. Representative anionic moieties include, without limitation, carboxylate, carboxymethyl, succinyl, sulfonyl, phosphate, sulfoalkyl ether, sulphate carbonate, thiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, phosphate, phosphonate, sulfonate, nitrate, and borate groups. Representative cationic moieties include, without limitation, amino, guanidine, and quarternary ammonium groups.

In another embodiment, the derivatized cyclodextrin is a “polyanion” or “polycation.” A polyanion is a derivatized cyclodextrin having more than one negatively charged group resulting in net a negative ionic charge of more than two units. A polycation is a derivatized cyclodextrin having more than one positively charged group resulting in net positive ionic charger of more than two units.

In another embodiment, the derivatized cyclodextrin is a “chargeable amphiphile.” By “chargeable” is meant that the amphiphile has a pK in the range pH 4 to 8, or pH 4 to 8.5. A chargeable amphiphile may therefore be a weak acid or base. By “amphoteric” herein is meant a derivatized cyclodextrin having a ionizable groups of both anionic and cationic character wherein: (a) at least one, and optionally both, of the cation and anionic amphiphiles is chargeable, having at least one charged group with a pK between 4 and 8 to 8.5, (b) the cationic charge prevails at pH 4, and (c) the anionic charge prevails at pH 8 to 8.5.

In some embodiments, the “ionizable” or “charged” derivatized cyclodextrin as a whole, whether polyionic, amphiphilic, or otherwise, are weakly ionizable (e.g., have a pKai of between about 4.0-8.5, 4.5-8.0, 5.0-7.5, 5.5-7.0, 6.0-6.5, and any range in between inclusive).

Any one, some, or all hydroxyl groups of any one, some or all α-D-glucopyranoside units of a cyclodextrin can be modified to an ionizable chemical group as described herein. Since each cyclodextrin hydroxyl group differs in chemical reactivity, reaction with a modifying moiety can produce an amorphous mixture of positional and optical isomers. Alternatively, certain chemistry can allow for pre-modified α-D-glucopyranoside units to be reacted to form uniform products.

The aggregate substitution that occurs for cyclodextrin derivatives in a mixture is described by a term referred to as the degree of substitution. For example, a 6-ethylenediamino-β-cyclodextrin with a degree of substitution of seven would be composed of a distribution of isomers of 6-ethylenediamino-β-cyclodextrin in which the average number of ethylenediamino groups per 6-ethylenediamino-β-cyclodextrin molecule is seven. The degree of substitution for a cyclodextrin derivative mixture can routinely be determined using mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

In one embodiment, at least one hydroxyl moieties facing away from the cyclodextrin interior is substituted with an ionizable chemical group. For example, the C2, C3, C6, C2 and C3, C2 and C6, C3 and C6, and all three of C2-C3-C6 hydroxyls of at least one γ-D-glucopyranoside unit are substituted with an ionizable chemical group. Any such combination of hydroxyls can similarly be combined with at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, up to all of the alpha-D-glucopyranoside units in the modified cyclodextrin as well as in combination with any degree of substitution described herein. One such derivative is a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin (SAE-CD). Sulfobutyl ether derivatives of beta cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) have been demonstrated to have significantly improved aqueous solubility compared to the parent cyclodextrin.

Additional cyclodextrin derivatives that may be complexed with therapeutic agents in the disclosed liposome compositions include sugammadex or Org-25969, in which the 6-hydroxy groups on γ-CD have been replaced by carboxythio acetate ether linkages, and hydroxybutenyl-β-CD. Alternative forms of cyclodextrin include: 2,6-Di-O-methyl-β-CD (DIMEB), 2-hydroxylpropyl-3-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), and sulfobutylether-γ-cyclodextrin (SBEγCD), sulfobutylated beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt, (2-Hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin, (2-Hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin, (2-Hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin, 2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB-50 Heptakis), 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB Heptakis), methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, octakis (6-deoxy-6-iodo)-γ-cyclodexrin, and, octakis (6-deoxy-6-bromo)-gamma-cyclodexrin.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin(s) has a high solubility in water in order to facilitate entrapment of a larger amount of the cyclodextrin in the liposome internal phase. In some embodiments, the water solubility of the cyclodextrin is at least 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 70 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL, 90 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL or higher. In some embodiments, the water solubility of the cyclodextrin(s) is within a range of 10-150 mg/mL, 20-100 mg/mL 20-75 mg/mL, and any range in between inclusive.

In some embodiments, a large association constant between the cyclodextrin and the γPTHF and/or other therapeutic agent complexed with cyclodextrin is preferable and can be obtained by selecting the number of glucose units in the cyclodextrin based on the size of the therapeutic agent (see, for example, Albers et al., Crit. Rev. Therap. Drug Carrier Syst. 12:311-337 (1995); Stella et al., Toxicol. Pathol. 36:30-42 (2008). When the association constant depends on pH, the cyclodextrin can be selected such that the association constant becomes large at the pH of the liposome internal phase. As a result, the solubility (nominal solubility) of the therapeutic agent in the presence of cyclodextrin can be further improved. In some embodiments, the association constant of the cyclodextrin with the therapeutic agent is 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, or higher. In some embodiments, the association constant of the cyclodextrin with the therapeutic agent is in the range 100-1, 200, 200-1,000, 300-750, and any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the cylcodextrin of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is underivatized.

In some embodiments, the cylcodextrin of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is derivatized. In further embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of the complex has the structure of Formula I:

-   wherein: n is 4, 5, or 6; -   wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are each,     independently, —H, a straight chain or branched C₁-C₈-alkylene     group, or an optionally substituted straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆     group, wherein at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉     is a straight-chain or branched C₁-C₈-alkylene (e.g.,     C₁-C₈-(alkylene)-SO₃ ⁻ group);

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex has the structure of formula II:

-   wherein: n is 4, 5, or 6; -   wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are each,     independently, —O— or a —O—(C₂-C₆ alkylene)-SO₃— group; wherein at     least one of R₁ and R₂ is independently a —O—(C₂-C₆ alkylene)-SO₃—     group; and S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, S₆, S₇, S₈, and S₉ are each,     independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. In further     embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable cation is selected     from: an alkali metal such as Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺; an alkaline earth     metal such as Ca⁺², or Mg⁺² and ammonium ions and amine cations such     as the cations of (C1-C6)-alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine,     (C1-C6)-alkanolamine and (C4-C8)-cycloalkanolamine. In some     embodiments, at least one of R1 and R2 is independently a —O—(C2-C6     alkylene)-SO3-group that is a —O—(CH₂)_(m)SO3-group, wherein m is 2     to 6, preferably 2 to 4, (e.g., —O—CH₂CH₂CH₂S0₃- or     —O—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂S0₃-); and S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, S₆, S₇, S₈, and S₉ are     each, independently, H or a pharmaceutically cation which includes     for example, alkali metals (e.g., Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) alkaline earth     metals (e.g., Ca⁺², Mg⁺²), ammonium ions and amine cations such as     the cations of (C₁-C₆)-alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine,     (C₁-C₆)-alkanol-amine and (C₄-C₈)-cycloalkanolamine:

In some embodiments, a cyclodextrin derivative of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a cyclodextrin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,248, 5,874,418, 6,046,177, 5,376,645, 5,134,127, 7,034,013, 6,869,939; and Intl. Appl. Publ. No. WO 02005/117911, the contents each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its priority.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of complex is a sulfobutyl ether-3-cyclodextrin such as CAPTISOL® (CyDex Pharma. Inc., Lenexa, Kans. Methods for preparing sulfobutyl ether-3-cyclodextrin and other rsulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative in of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a compound of Formula III:

-   wherein R equals:

(a) (H)_(21-X) or (—(CH₂)₄—SO₃Na)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0, 6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0;

(b) (H)_(21-X) or (—(CH₂CH(OH)CH₃)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0, 6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0;

(c) (H)_(21-X) or (sulfoalkyl ethers)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0, 6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0; or

(d) (H)_(21-X) or (—(CH₂)₄—SO₃Na)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0, 6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0.

In additional embodiments, the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

III. γPTHF Delivery Vehicles

In alternative embodiments, the disclosure provides γPTHF delivery systems and their use to deliver a payload of γPTHF to a cell or cells in vitro or in vivo. In some embodiments, γPTHF is complexed with or incorporated into a delivery vehicle. Such delivery vehicles are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, liposomes, lipospheres, polymers, peptides, proteins, antibodies (e.g., ADCs such as Antibody-γPTHF conjugates), cellular components, cyclic oligosaccharides (e.g., cyclodextrins), nanoparticles (e.g., lipid nanoparticles, biodegradable nanoparticles, and core-shell nanoparticles), lipoprotein particles, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome. In other particular embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment.

A. Liposomes

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides liposomal compositions that comprise a liposome encapsulating (i.e., filled with) a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, a liposome in the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups that have a gamma carboxyl linkage. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome comprising a γ pentaglutamated THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ pentaglutamated THF, a D-γ pentaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome comprising a γ hexaglutamated THF (Lp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ hexaglutamated THF, a D-γ hexaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ hexaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome that is anionic or neutral. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome that is cationic. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition is unpegylated. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition is non-targeted (NTLp-γPTHF). In other embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF composition is targeted (TLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 400 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 300 nm or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 150 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome having a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between. In additional embodiments, 30-70%, 30-60%, or 30-50% w/w γPTHF, or any range therein between, is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF during the process of preparing the liposomes. In some embodiments, the Lp-αPTHF composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% or more than 75%, w/w, γPTHF, is encapsulated in the Lp-γPTHF during the process of preparing the liposomes.

In some embodiments, the provided liposomes further comprise an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker, or both disposed on its exterior. The immunostimulatory agent or detectable marker can be ionically bonded or covalently bonded to an exterior of the liposome, including, for example, optionally to a steric stabilizer component of the liposome.

The terms “immunostimulatory agents”, also known as “immunostimulants”, and “immunostimulators”, refer to substances that stimulate an immune (including a preexisting immune response) by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of the components of the immune system. These immunostimulatory agents can include one or more of a hapten, an adjuvant, a protein immunostimulating agent, a nucleic acid immunostimulating agent, and a chemical immunostimulating agent. Many adjuvants contain a substance designed to stimulate immune responses, such as lipid A, Bortadella pertussis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived proteins. Certain adjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.); Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.); AS-2 (SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pa.); aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine; acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; monophosphoryl lipid A and quil A; IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, FLT3-ligand; and immunostimulatory antibodies (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-CD28, anti-CD3. Cytokines, such as GM-CSF, interleukin-2, -7, -12, and -15, and other like growth factors, can also be used as adjuvants. In a preferred embodiment, the immunostimulant can be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorescein, DNP, beta glucan, beta-1,3-glucan, beta-1,6-glucan. In an additional preferred embodiment, the immunostimulant is a Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulating agent. In further embodiments, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulating agent is one or more of: an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (e.g., OXPAC, PGPC), an eritoran lipid (e.g., E5564), and a resolvin. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) which, based on our experiments, surprisingly serves as both an immunostimulant and a detectable marker.

In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise a detectable marker. A detectable marker may, for example, include, at least, a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, chemiluminescent compound, a metal chelator, an enzyme, a dye, an ink, a magnetic compound, a biocatalyst or a pigment that is detectable by any suitable means known in the art, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, fluorescent/luminescent imaging, and/or nuclear imaging techniques.

In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory agent and/or detectable marker is attached to the exterior by co-incubating it with the liposome. For example, the immunostimulatory agent and/or detectable marker may be associated with the liposomal membrane by hydrophobic interactions or by an ionic bond such as an avidin/biotin bond or a metal chelation bond (e.g., Ni-NTA). Alternatively, the immunostimulatory agent or detectable marker may be covalently bonded to the exterior of the liposome such as, for example, by being covalently bonded to a liposomal component or to the steric stabilizer which is the PEG.

In some embodiments, the liposomes further comprise an agent that increases the uptake of liposomes into a cellular compartment of interest including the cytosol.

In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise a mitochondrial-targeting agent. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise triphenylphosphonium (TPP). Methods and mechanisms for surface functionalizing liposomes with TPP are known in the art (e.g., attaching TPP to the lipid anchor via a peg spacer group and modifying TPP with a stearly group (stearyl triphenylphosphonium (STPP)). In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise high-density octa-arginine. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise sphingomyelin and/or a sphingomyelin metabolite. Sphingomyelin metabolite used to formulate the liposomes of the present invention can include, for example ceramide, sphingosine or sphingosine 1-phosphate. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise Rhodamine 123. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise, a mitochondria penetrating peptide. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise, a mitochondria penetrating agent selected from the group consisting of: a mitofusin peptide, a mitochondrial targeting signal peptide, and Antennapedia helix III homeodomain cell-penetrating peptide (ANT) (e.g., comprising RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKKRKKRRQR RR (SEQ ID NO:1), RKKRRXR RRGC where X is any natural or non-natural amino acid (SEQ ID NO:2), CCGCCAAGAAGCG (SEQ ID NO:3), GCGTGCACACGCGCGTAGACTTCCCCCGCAAGTCACTCGTT AGCCCGCCAAGAAGCGACCCCTCCGGGGCGAGCTGAGCGGCGTGGCGCGGG GGCGTCAT (SEQ ID NO:4), ACGTGCATACGCACGTAGACATTCCCCGCTTCC CACTCCAAAGTCCGCCAAGAAGCGTATCCCGCTGAGCGGCGTGGCGCGGGGGC GTCATCCGTCAGCTC (SEQ ID NO:5), or ACTTCCCCCGCAAGTCACTCGTTAGC CCGCCAAGAAGCGACCCCTCCGGGGCGAGCTG (SEQ ID NO:6)), or a mitochondrial penetrating fragment thereof.

In some embodiments, liposomes in the provided liposome compositions comprise a mitochondria penetrating agent selected from the group: a guanidine-rich peptoid, tetraguanidinium, triguanidinium, diguanidinium, monoguanidinium, a guanidine-rich polycarbamate, a beta-oligoarginine, a proline-rich dendrimer, and a phosphonium salt (e.g., methyltriphenyl-phosphonium and/or tetraphenylphosphonium).

In some embodiments, liposomes in the provided liposome compositions comprise sphingomyelin and/or stearyl-octa-arginine. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise sphingomyelin and/or stearyl-octa-arginine. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise DOPE, sphingomyelin, stearyl-octa-arginine sphingomyelin and stearyl-octa-arginine. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise DOPE, sphingomyelin, stearyl-octa-arginine sphingomyelin and stearyl-octa-arginine at a molar ratio of 9:2:1. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise the MITO-porter® system or a variant thereof.

In some embodiments, liposomes in the provided liposome compositions comprise an agent such as a cell penetrating agent that that facilitates delivery of the lipo some across a cell membrane and provides the liposome with the ability to bypass the endocytic pathway and the harsh environment of lysosomes. Cell penetrating agents are known in the art and can routinely be used and adapted for manufacture and use of the provided liposome compositions. In some embodiments, the cell penetrating/lysosome bypassing agent is chloroquine. In some embodiments, the cell penetrating agent is a cell penetrating peptide. In some embodiments, liposomes in the provided liposome compositions comprise a cell penetrating agent selected from the group: RKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO:7), GRKKRRQRRRTPQ (SEQ ID NO:8), YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO:9), AAVAL LPAVLLALLA (SEQ ID NO:10), MGLGLHLLVLAAALQ (SEQ ID NO:11), GALFL GFLGAAGSTM (SEQ ID NO:12), AGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL (SEQ ID NO:13), RVIRVWFQNKRCKDKK (SEQ ID NO:14), RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK (SEQ ID NO:15), GLFEAIAGFIENGWEGMIDG (SEQ ID NO:16), GWTLNSAGYLLGKIN (SEQ ID NO:17), RSQSRSRYYRQRQRS (SEQ ID NO:18), LAIPEQEY (SEQ ID NO:19), LGIAEQEY (SEQ ID NO:20), LGIPAQEY (SEQ ID NO:21), LGIPEAEY (SEQ ID NO:22), LGIPEQAY (SEQ ID NO:23), LGIAEAEY (SEQ ID NO:24), LGIPEAAY (SEQ ID NO:25), LGIAEQAY (SEQ ID NO:26), LGIAEAAY (SEQ ID NO:27), LLIILRRRIRKQAHAHSK (SEQ ID NO:28), LKALAALAKKIL (SEQ ID NO:29), KLALKLALKALKAALKLA (SEQ ID NO:30), KETWWETWWTEWSQPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO:31), DHQLNPAF (SEQ ID NO:32), DPKGDPKG (SEQ ID NO:33), VTVTVTVTVTGKGDPKPD (SEQ ID NO:34), RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK (SEQ ID NO:35), GRKKRRQRRRPPQ (SEQ ID NO:36), GWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAAL AKKIL (SEQ ID NO:37), GRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO:38), RRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO:39), RRRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO:40), RRRRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO:41), RRRRRRRR RR (SEQ ID NO:42), RRRRRRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO:43), and YTIWMPENPRPGT PCDIFTNSRGKRASNGGG G(R)n wherein n=2-15 R in the L- and/or D-form (SEQ ID NO:44), or a cell permeating fragment thereof.

As discussed above, the liposomes may comprise a steric stabilizer that can increase their longevity in circulation. For those embodiments, which incorporate a steric stabilizer, the steric stabilizer may be at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly-L-lysine (PLL), monosialoganglioside (GM1), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(acrylamide) (PAA), poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), phosphatidyl polyglycerol, poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide], amphiphilic poly-N-vinylpyrrolidones, L-amino-acid-based polymer, oligoglycerol, copolymer containing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene oxide, Poloxamer 188, and polyvinyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the steric stabilizer or the population of steric stabilizer is PEG. In one embodiment, the steric stabilizer is a PEG. In a further embodiment, the PEG has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 200 to 5000 daltons. These PEG(s) can be of any structure such as linear, branched, star or comb structure and are commercially available.

In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome

(PLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, a pegylated liposome in the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome comprising a γ pentaglutamated THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ pentaglutamated THF, a D-γ pentaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated lipo some comprising a γ hexaglutamated THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ hexaglutamated THF, a D-γ hexaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ hexaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome that is anionic or neutral. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome that is cationic. In some embodiments, the PLp-γPTHF composition is non-targeted (NTPLp-γPTHF). In other embodiments, the PLp-γPTHF composition is targeted (TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the γPTHF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome comprising at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the γPTHF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the PLp-γPTHF during the process of preparing the liposomes. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 400 nm. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 300 nm. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome having a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm. In further embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a pegylated liposome having a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm.

In some embodiments, greater than 70%, 80% or 90% of the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a provided liposomal composition is pentaglutamated. In some embodiments, greater than 70%, 80% or 90% of the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a provided composition is hexaglutamated. In some embodiments, greater than 70%, 80% or 90% of the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in the composition has 4-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF compositions (e.g., polyglutamates and delivery vehicles such as liposomes containing the polyglutamates) are in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in a liposomal composition at a dose of between 0.005 and 5000 mg of γPTHF per square meter (m²) of body surface area, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in a liposomal composition at a dose of between 0.1 and 1000 mg γPTHF per square meter of body surface area, or any range therein between.

(1) Liposome Composition

The lipids and other components of the liposomes contained in the liposomal compositions can be any lipid, lipid combination and ratio, or combination of lipids and other liposome components and their respective ratios known in the art. However, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that liposomal encapsulation of any particular drug, such as, and without limitation, the gamma polyglutamated THF discussed herein, may involve substantial routine experimentation to achieve a useful and functional liposomal formulation. In general, the provided liposomes may have any liposome structure, e.g., structures having an inner space sequestered from the outer medium by one or more lipid bilayers, or any microcapsule that has a semi-permeable membrane with a lipophilic central part where the membrane sequesters an interior. The lipid bilayer can be any arrangement of amphiphilic molecules characterized by a hydrophilic part (hydrophilic moiety) and a hydrophobic part (hydrophobic moiety). Usually amphiphilic molecules in a bilayer are arranged into two dimensional sheets in which hydrophobic moieties are oriented inward the sheet while hydrophilic moieties are oriented outward. Amphiphilic molecules forming the provided liposomes can be any known or later discovered amphiphilic molecules, e.g., lipids of synthetic or natural origin or biocompatible lipids. The liposomes can also be formed by amphiphilic polymers and surfactants, e.g., polymerosomes and niosomes. For the purpose of this disclosure, without limitation, these liposome-forming materials also are referred to as “lipids”.

The liposome composition formulations provided herein can be in liquid or dry form such as a dry powder or dry cake. The dry powder or dry cake may have undergone primary drying under, for example, lyophilization conditions or optionally, the dry cake or dry powder may have undergone both primary drying only or both primary drying and secondary drying. In the dry form, the powder or cake may, for example, have between 1% to 6% moisture, for example, such as between 2% to 5% moisture or between 2% to 4% moisture. One example method of drying is lyophilization (also called freeze-drying, or cyrodessication). Any of the compositions and methods of the disclosure may include liposomes, lyophilized liposomes or liposomes reconstituted from lyophilized liposomes. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods include one or more lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants. These protectants are typically polyhydroxy compounds such as sugars (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides), polyalcohols, and their derivatives, glycerol, or polyethyleneglycol, trehalose, maltose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, dextran, glycerol, or aminoglycosides. In further embodiments, the lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants comprise up to 10% or up to 20% of a solution outside the liposome, inside the liposome, or both outside and inside the liposome.

In some embodiments, the liposomes include a steric stabilizer that increases their longevity in circulation. One or more steric stabilizers such as a hydrophilic polymer (Polyethylene glycol (PEG)), a glycolipid (monosialoganglioside (GM1)) or others occupies the space immediately adjacent to the liposome surface and excludes other macromolecules from this space. Consequently, access and binding of blood plasma opsonins to the liposome surface are hindered, and thus interactions of macrophages with such liposomes, or any other clearing mechanism, are inhibited and longevity of the liposome in circulation is enhanced. In some embodiments, the steric stabilizer or the population of steric stabilizers is a PEG or a combination comprising PEG. In further embodiments, the steric stabilizer is a PEG or a combination comprising PEG with a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 200 to 5000 daltons. These PEG(s) can be of any structure such as linear, branched, star or comb structure and are commercially available.

The diameter of the disclosed liposomes is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the liposomes have a diameter in the range of for example, 30-150 nm (nanometer). In other embodiments, the liposomes have a diameter in the range of 40-70 nm.

The properties of liposomes are influenced by the nature of lipids used to make the liposomes. A wide variety of lipids have been used to make liposomes. These include cationic, anionic and neutral lipids. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprising the γPTHF are anionic or neutral. In other embodiments, the provided liposomes are cationic. The determination of the charge (e.g., anionic, neutral or cationic) can routinely be determined by measuring the zeta potential of the liposome. The zeta potential of the liposome can be positive, zero or negative. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of the liposome is less than or equal to zero. In some embodiments, the zeta potential of the liposome is in a range of 0 to −150 mV. In another embodiment, the zeta potential of the liposome is in the range of −30 to −50 mV.

In some embodiments, cationic lipids are used to make cationic liposomes which are commonly used as gene transfection agents. The positive charge on cationic liposomes enables interaction with the negative charge on cell surfaces. Following binding of the cationic liposomes to the cell, the liposome is transported inside the cell through endocytosis.

In some preferred embodiments, a neutral to anionic liposome is used. In a preferred embodiment, an anionic liposome is used. Using a mixture of, for example, neutral lipids such as HSPC and anionic lipids such as PEG-DSPE results in the formation of anionic liposomes which are less likely to non-specifically bind to normal cells. Specific binding to tumor cells can be achieved by using a tumor targeting antibody such as, for example, a folate receptor antibody, including, for example, folate receptor alpha antibody, folate receptor beta antibody and/or folate receptor delta antibody.

As an example, at least one (or some) of the lipids is/are amphipathic lipids, defined as having a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portions (typically a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail). The hydrophobic portion typically orients into a hydrophobic phase (e.g., within the bilayer), while the hydrophilic portion typically orients toward the aqueous phase (e.g., outside the bilayer). The hydrophilic portion can comprise polar or charged groups such as carbohydrates, phosphate, carboxylic, sulfato, amino, sulfhydryl, nitro, hydroxy and other like groups. The hydrophobic portion can comprise apolar groups that include without limitation long chain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and groups substituted by one or more aromatic, cyclo-aliphatic or heterocyclic group(s). Examples of amphipathic compounds include, but are not limited to, phospholipids, aminolipids and sphingolipids.

Typically, for example, the lipids are phospholipids. Phospholipids include without limitation phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and the like. It is to be understood that other lipid membrane components, such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin, can be used.

The lipids comprising the liposomes provided herein can be anionic and neutral (including zwitterionic and polar) lipids including anionic and neutral phospholipids. Neutral lipids exist in an uncharged or neutral zwitterionic form at a selected pH. At physiological pH, such lipids include, for example, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), diacylphosphatidylcholine, diacylphosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, sphingomyelin, cephalin, cholesterol, cerebrosides and diacylglycerols. Examples of zwitterionic lipids include without limitation dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dimyristoylphos-phatidylcholine (DMPC), and dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS). Anionic lipids are negatively charged at physiological pH. These lipids include without limitation phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, diacylphosphatidylserine, diacylphosphatidic acid, N-dode-canoyl phosphatidylethanolamines, N-succinyl phosphatidylethanolamines, N-glutarylphosphatidylethanolamines, lysylphosphatidylglycerols, palmitoyloleyolphosphatidylglycerol (POPG), and other anionic modifying groups joined to neutral lipids.

Collectively, anionic and neutral lipids are referred to herein as non-cationic lipids. Such lipids may contain phosphorus but they are not so limited. Examples of non-cationic lipids include lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, dioleoylphosphati-dylethanolamine (DOPE), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidy 1-ethanolamine (DSPE), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphospha-tidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphospha-tidylglycerol (DPPG), palmitoyloleyolphosphatidylglycerol (POPG), 16-0-monomethyl PE, 16-0-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), phosphatidylserine, phosphatidyl-inositol, sphingomyelin, cephalin, cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, cerebrosides, dicetyl-phosphate, and cholesterol.

The liposomes may be assembled using any liposomal assembly method using liposomal components (also referred to as liposome components) known in the art. Liposomal components include, for example, lipids such as DSPE, HSPC, cholesterol and derivatives of these components. Other suitable lipids are commercially available for example, by Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, Ala., USA). A partial listing of available negatively or neutrally charged lipids suitable for making anionic liposomes, can be, for example, at least one of the following: DLPC, DMPC, DPPC, DSPC, DOPC, DMPE, DPPE, DOPE, DMPA.Na, DPPA.Na, DOPA.Na, DMPG.Na, DPPG.Na, DOPG.Na, DMPS.Na, DPPS.Na, DOPS.Na, DOPE-Glutaryl.(Na)2, Tetramyristoyl Cardiolipin .(Na)2, DSPE-mPEG-2000.Na, DSPE-mPEG-5000.Na, and DSPE-Maleimide PEG-2000.Na.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF compositions provided herein are formulated in a liposome comprising a cationic lipid. In one embodiment, the cationic lipid is selected from, but not limited to, a cationic lipid described in Intl. Appl. Publ. Nos. WO2012/040184, WO2011/153120, WO2011/149733, WO2011/090965, WO2011/043913, WO2011/022460, WO2012/061259, WO2012/054365, WO2012/044638, WO2010/080724, WO2010/21865 and WO2008/103276, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,893,302, 7,404,969 and 8,283,333 and US Appl. Publ. Nos. US20100036115 and US20120202871; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In another embodiment, the cationic lipid may be selected from, but not limited to, formula A described in Intl. Appl. Publ. Nos WO2012/040184, WO2011/153120, WO201/1149733, WO2011/090965, WO2011/043913, WO2011/022460, WO2012/061259, WO2012/054365 and WO2012/044638; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In yet another embodiment, the cationic lipid may be selected from, but not limited to, formula CLI-CLXXIX of International Publication No. WO2008103276, formula CLI-CLXXIX of U.S. Pat. No. 7,893,302, formula CLI-CLXXXXII of U.S. Pat. No. 7,404,969 and formula I-VI of US Patent Publication No. US20100036115; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. As a non-limiting example, the cationic lipid may be selected from (20Z,23Z)-N,N-dimethylnonacosa-20,23-dien-10-amine, (17Z,20Z)-N,N-dimemyl-hexacosa-17,20-dien-9-amine, (1Z,19Z)-N5N-dimethylpentacosa-16,19-dien-8-amine, (13Z,16Z)-N,N-dimethyl-docosa-13,16-dien-5-amine, (12Z,15Z)-N,N-dimethylhenicosa-12,15-dien-4-amine, (14Z,17Z)-N,N-dimethyltricosa-14,17-dien-6-amine, (15Z,18Z)-N,N-dimethyltetracosa-15,18-dien-7-amine, (18Z,21Z)-N,N-dimethylheptacosa-18,21-dien-10-amine, (15Z,18Z)-N,N-dimethyltetracosa-15,18-dien-5-amine, (14Z,17Z)-N,N-dimethyltricosa-14,17-dien-4-amine, (19Z,22Z)-N,N-dimeihyloctacosa-19,22-dien-9-amine, (18Z,21 Z)-N,N-dimethyl-heptacosa-18,21-dien-8-amine, (17Z,20Z)-N,N-dimethylhexacosa-17,20-dien-7-amine, (16Z,19Z)-N,N-dimethylpentacosa-16,19-dien-6-amine, (22Z,25Z)-N,N-dimethyl-hentriaconta-22,25-dien-10-amine, (21 Z,24Z)-N,N-dimethyl-triaconta-21,24-dien-9-amine, (18Z)-N,N-dimetylheptacos-18-en-10-amine, (17Z)-N,N-dimethylhexacos-17-en-9-amine, (19Z,22Z)-N,N-dimethyloctacosa-19,22-dien-7-amine, N,N-dimethylheptacosan-10-amine, (20Z,23Z)-N-ethyl-N-methylnonacosa-20,23-dien-10-amine, 1-[(11Z,14Z)-1-nonylicosa-11,14-dien-1-yl] pyrrolidine, (20Z)-N,N-dimethylheptacos-20-en-10-amine, (15Z)-N,N-dimethyl eptacos-15-en-10-amine, (14Z)-N,N-dimethylnonacos-14-en-10-amine, (17Z)-N,N-dimethylnonacos-17-en-10-amine, (24Z)-N,N-dimethyltritriacont-24-en-10-amine, (20Z)-N,N-dimethylnonacos-20-en-10-amine, (22Z)-N,N-dimethylhentriacont-22-en-10-amine, (16Z)-N,N-dimethylpenta-cos-16-en-8-amine, (12Z,15Z)-N,N-dimethyl-2-nonylhenicosa-12,15-dien-1-amine, (13Z,16Z)-N,N-dimethyl-3-nonyldocosa-13,16-dien-1-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-[(1S,2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl] eptadecan-8-amine, 1-[(1S,2R)-2-hexylcyclopropyl]-N,N-dimethyl nonadecan-10-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-[(1S,2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl]nonadecan-10-amine, N,N-dimethyl-21-[R1S,2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl]-henicosan-10-amine,N,N-dimethyl-1-[(1S,2S)-2-{[(1R,2R)-2-pentylcyclopropyl]methyl }cyclopropyl]nonadecan-10-amine,N,N-dimethyl-1-[(1S,2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl] hexadecan-8-amine, N,N-dimethyl-[(1R,2S)-2-undecylcyclopropyl]tetradecan-5-amine, N,N-dimethyl-3-{7-[(1S, 2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl]heptyl} dodecan-1-amine, 1-[(1R,2S)-2-heptylcyclopropyl]-N,N-dimethyloctadecan-9-amine, 1-[(1S,2R)-2-decylcyclopropyl]-N,N-dimethyl-penta-decan-6-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-[(1S,2R)-2-octylcyclopropyl]pentadecan-8-amine, R—N,N-dimethyl-1-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(octyloxy)propa-n-2-amine, S—N,N-dimethyl-1-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(octy-loxy)propan-2-amine, 1-{2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-1-[(octyloxy)methyl]ethyl }pyrrolidine, (2S)—N,N-dimethyl-1-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-3-[(5Z-)-oct-5-en-1-yloxy]propan-2-amine, 1-{2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]-1-[(octyloxy)methyl] ethyl }azet-idine, (2S)-1-(hexyloxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-ylo-xy]propan-2-amine, (2S)-1-(heptyloxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]pr-opan-2-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-(nonyloxy)-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-2-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-[(9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine; (2S)-N,N-dimethyl-1-[(6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trien-1-yloxy]-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine, (2S)-1-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dien-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl-3-(pentyloxy) pro pan-2-amine, (2S)-1-(hexyloxy)-3-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dien-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl propan-2-amine, 1-[(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dien-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl 1-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine, 1-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dien-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine, (2S)-1-[(13Z,16Z)-docosa-13,16-dien-1-yloxy]-3-(hexyloxy)-N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine, (2S)-1-[(13Z)-docos-13-en-1-yloxy]-3-(hexyloxy)-N,N-dimethyl propan-2-amine, 1-[(13Z)-docos-13-en-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl-3-(octyloxy)propan-2-amine, 1-[(9Z)-hexadec-9-en-1-yloxy]-N,N-dimethyl-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine, (2R)-N,N-dimethyl-H(1-metoylo ctyl)oxy]-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octa-deca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-2-amine, (2R)-1-[(3,7-dimethyloctyl)oxy]-N,N-dimethyl-3-R9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-die-n-1-yloxylpropan-2-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-(octyloxy)-3-({8-[(R1S,2S)-2-{[(1R,2R)-2-pentyl cyclopropyl]methyl}cyclopropyl] octyl} oxy) propan-2-amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-{[2-oclylcyclopropyl)octyl]oxy}-3-(octyloxy) propan-2-amine and (11E,20Z,23Z)-N,N-dimethylnonacosa-11,20,2-trien-10-amine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or acid or stereoisomer thereof.

In one embodiment, the lipid may be a cleavable lipid such as those described in in Intl. Publ. No. WO2012/170889, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety

The cationic lipid can routinely be synthesized using methods known in the art and/or as described in Intl. Publ. Nos. WO2012/040184, WO2011/153120, WO2011/149733, WO2011/090965, WO201/1043913, WO2011/022460, WO2012/061259, WO2012/054365, WO2012/044638, WO2010/080724 and WO2010/21865; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Lipid derivatives can include, for example, at least, the bonding (preferably covalent bonding) of one or more steric stabilizers and/or functional groups to the liposomal component after which the steric stabilizers and/or functional groups should be considered part of the liposomal components. Functional groups comprises groups that can be used to attach a liposomal component to another moiety such as a protein. Such functional groups include, at least, maleimide. These steric stabilizers include at least one from the group consisting of: polyethylene glycol (PEG); poly-L-lysine (PLL); monosialoganglioside (GM1); poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); poly(acrylamide) (PAA); poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline); poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); phosphatidyl polyglycerol; poly[N-(2-hydroxy-propyl) methacrylamide]; amphiphilic poly-N-vinylpyrrolidones; L-amino-acid-based polymer; and polyvinyl alcohol.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF compositions are formulated in a lipid-polycation complex. The formation of the lipid-polycation complex may be accomplished using methods known in the art and/or as described in U.S. Pub. No. 20120178702, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. As a non-limiting example, the polycation may include a cationic peptide or a polypeptide such as, but not limited to, polylysine, polyornithine and/or polyarginine and the cationic peptides described in International Pub. No. WO2012/013326; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In another embodiment, the γPTHF is formulated in a lipid-polycation complex which further includes a neutral lipid such as, but not limited to, cholesterol or dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).

Since the components of a liposome can include any molecule(s) (e.g., chemical/reagent/protein) that is bound to it, in some embodiments, the components of the provided liposomes include, at least, a member selected from the group DSPE, DSPE-PEG, DSPE-maleimide, HSPC; HSPC-PEG; HSPC-maleimide; cholesterol; cholesterol-PEG; and cholesterol-maleimide. In some embodiments, the components of the provided liposomes include DSPE, DSPE-PEG, DSPE-maleimide, HSPC; HSPC-PEG; HSPC-maleimide; cholesterol; cholesterol-PEG; and cholesterol-maleimide. In a preferred embodiment, the liposomal components that make up the liposome comprises DSPE; DSPE-FITC; DSPE-maleimide; cholesterol; and HSPC.

In additional embodiments, the liposomes of the liposome compositions provided herein comprise oxidized phospholipids. In some embodiments, the liposomes comprise an oxidize phospholipid of a member selected from the group consisting of phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylethan-olamines, phosphatidyl-cholines and 1-palmytoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-2-phosphate. In some embodiments, the phospholipids have unsaturated bonds. In some embodiments, the phospholipids are arachidonic acid containing phospholipids. In additional embodiments, the phospholipids are sn-2-oxygenated. In additional embodiments, the phospholipids are not fragmented.

In some embodiments, the liposomes of the disclosed liposome compositions comprise oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC). The term “oxPAPC”, as used herein, refers to lipids generated by the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC), which results in a mixture of oxidized phospholipids containing either fragmented or full length oxygenated sn-2 residues. Well-characterized oxidatively fragmented species contain a five-carbon sn-2 residue bearing omega-aldehyde or omega-carboxyl groups. Oxidation of arachidonic acid residue also produces phospholipids containing esterified isoprostanes. OxPAPC includes HOdiA-PC, KOdiA-PC, HOOA-PC and KOOA-PC species, among other oxidized products present in oxPAPC. In further embodiments, the oxPAPCs are epoxyisoprostane-containing phospholipids. In further embodiments, the oxPAPC is 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane E2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (5,6-PEIPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-(epoxy-cyclo-pentenone)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PECPC) and/or 1-palmitoyl-2-(epoxy-isoprostane E2)-sn-glycero-4-phosphocholine (PEIPC). In some embodiments, the phospholipids have unsaturated bonds. In some embodiments, the phospholipids are arachidonic acid containing phospholipids. In additional embodiments, the phospholipids are sn-2-oxygenated. In additional embodiments, the phospholipids are not fragmented.

In some embodiments, the liposomal γPTHF composition is pegylated (i.e., a pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated (e.g., pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated) antifolate (PLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the PLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is water soluble. That is, the PLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF is in the form an aqueous solution.

In some embodiments, the liposomes of the disclosed liposome compositions comprise a lipid selected from: 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC); 1-palmitoyl-2-(9′oxo-nonanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1-palmitoyl-2-arachinodoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1-palmitoyl-2-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; and 1-palmitoyl-2-acetoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises PGPC.

In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from pH 5 to 8 or from pH 2 to 6. 2 to 8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from pH 5 to 8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from pH 6 to 7, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from 6 to 7.5, from 6.5 to 7.5, from 6.7 to 7.5, or from 6.3 to 7.0, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, at least one component of the liposome lipid bilayer is functionalized (or reactive). As used herein, a functionalized component is a component that comprises a reactive group that can be used to crosslink reagents and moieties to the lipid. If the lipid is functionalized, any liposome that it forms is also functionalized. In some embodiments, the reactive group is one that will react with a crosslinker (or other moiety) to form crosslinks. The reactive group in the liposome lipid bilayer is located anywhere on the lipid that allows it to contact a crosslinker and be crosslinked to another moiety (e.g., a steric stabilizer or targeting moiety). In some embodiments, the reactive group is in the head group of the lipid, including for example a phospholipid. In some embodiments, the reactive group is a maleimide group. Maleimide groups can be crosslinked to each other in the presence of dithiol crosslinkers including but not limited to dithiolthrietol (DTT).

It is to be understood that the use of other functionalized lipids, other reactive groups, and other crosslinkers beyond those described above is further contemplated. In addition to the maleimide groups, other examples of contemplated reactive groups include but are not limited to other thiol reactive groups, amino groups such as primary and secondary amines, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, aldehyde groups, alkyne groups, azide groups, carbonyls, halo acetyl (e.g., iodoacetyl) groups, imidoester groups, N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, sulfhydryl groups, and pyridyl disulfide groups.

Functionalized and non-functionalized lipids are available from a commercial sources including Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL) and Lipoid LLC (Newark, NJ).

(2) Liposome Interior Space

In further non-limiting embodiments, the provided liposomes enclose an interior space. In some embodiments, the interior space comprises, but is not limited to, an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the interior space comprises a γPTHF as provided herein. In additional embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises a tonicity agent. In some embodiments. In some embodiments, the concentration (weight percent) of the tonicity agent is 0.1-20%, 1-20%, 0.5-15%, 1-15%, or 1-50%, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the interior space of the liposome includes a sugar (e.g., trehalose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, mannose, mannitol, glycerol, dextrose, fructose, etc.). In further embodiments, the concentration (weight percent) of the sugar is 0.1-20%, 1-20%, 0.5-15%, 1-15%, or 1-50%, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of the interior space of the liposome is from pH 2 to 8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from pH 5 to 8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from pH 6 to 7, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from 6 to 7.5, from 6.5 to 7.5, from 6.7 to 7.5, or from 6.3 to 7.0, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the interior space comprises buffer. In further embodiments, the buffer a buffer selected from HEPES, citrate, or sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In yet further embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of between 5 to 200 mM, 15-200, between 5 to 100 mM, between 15 to 100 mM, between 5 to 50 mM, between 15 to 50 mM, between 5 to 25 mM, between 5 to 20 mM, between 5 to 15 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises a total concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 5 mM to 500 mM, or 50 mM to 500 mM, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the interior space of the lipo some includes trehalose. In further embodiments, the concentration weight percent of trehalose is 0.1-20%, 1-20%, 0.5-15%, 1%-15%, or 5-20%, or any range therein between. In yet further embodiments, the concentration (weight percent) of trehalose is 1-15%, or any range therein between. In an additional embodiment, the trehalose is present at about 5% to 20% weight percent of trehalose or any combination of one or more lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants at a total concentration of 5% to 20%. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from 6 to 7.5, from 6.5 to 7.5, from 6.7 to 7.5, or from 6.3 to 7.0, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the interior space comprises buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer is selected from HEPES, citrate, or sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In yet further embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of between 5 to 200 mM, 15-200, between 5 to 100 mM, between 15 to 100 mM, between 5 to 50 mM, between 15 to 50 mM, between 5 to 25 mM, between 5 to 20 mM, between 5 to 15 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein betweenln additional embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises sodium acetate and/or calcium acetate. In some embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises a total concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 5 mM to 500 mM, or 50 mM to 500 mM, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the interior space of the liposome includes dextrose. In further embodiments, the concentration weight percent of dextrose is 0.1-20%, 1-20%, 0.5-15%, 1%-15%, or 5-20%, or any range therein between. In yet further embodiments, the concentration (weight percent) of dextrose is 1-15%, or any range therein between. In an additional embodiment, the dextrose is present at about 5% to 20% weight percent of dextrose or any combination of one or more lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants at a total concentration of 5% to 20%. In some embodiments, the pH of solutions comprising the liposome composition is from 6 to 7.5, from 6.5 to 7.5, from 6.7 to 7.5, or from 6.3 to 7.0, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the interior space comprises buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer is selected from HEPES, citrate, or sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate (e.g., monobasic and/or dibasic sodium phosphate). In some embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In yet further embodiments, the buffer is at a concentration of between 5 to 200 mM, 15-200, between 5 to 100 mM, between 15 to 100 mM, between 5 to 50 mM, between 15 to 50 mM, between 5 to 25 mM, between 5 to 20 mM, between 5 to 15 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is HEPES at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is citrate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate at a concentration of 15 to 200 mM, or any range therein betweenln additional embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises sodium acetate and/or calcium acetate. In some embodiments, the interior space of the liposome comprises a total concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 5 mM to 500 mM, or 50 mM to 500 mM, or any range therein between.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides liposomal compositions that comprise a liposome encapsulating (filled with) a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, a liposome in the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF in the Lp-γPTHF comprises two or more glutamyl groups that have a gamma carboxyl linkage. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome comprising a γ pentaglutamated THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ pentaglutamated THF, a D-γ pentaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises a liposome comprising a γ hexaglutamated THF (Lp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the liposome comprises an L-γ hexaglutamated THF, a D-γ hexaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ hexaglutamated THF.

In some embodiments, the targeted pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated (e.g., pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated) tetrahydrofolate comprises a medium comprising a liposome including an interior space; an aqueous γPTHF disposed within the interior space; and a targeting moiety comprising a protein with specific affinity for at least one folate receptor, and wherein the targeting moiety disposed at the exterior of the liposome. In some embodiments, the medium is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the interior space, the exterior space (e.g., the medium), or both the interior space and the medium contains one or more lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants which are listed above. In some embodiments, the cryoprotectant is mannitol, trehalose, sorbitol, or sucrose.

In some embodiments, the liposome encapsulating γPTHF (i.e., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or less than 200,000 molecules of γPTHF. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or less than 200,000 molecules of γPTHF. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated (TLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or less than 200,000 molecules of γPTHF. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated (NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or less than 200,000 molecules of γPTHF. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the liposome encapsulates gamma polyglutamated containing 2-10 glutamyl groups (i.e., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated (TLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated (NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of γPTHF containing 2-10 glutamyl groups, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the liposome encapsulates gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate (i.e., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated (TLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated (NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the liposome encapsulates gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate (i.e., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated (TLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated (NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the liposome encapsulates gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate (i.e., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome interior space contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated (TLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated (NTLp-γPTHF) and has an interior space that contains less than 500,000 or 200,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted and unpegylated and the interior space of the liposome contains between 10,000 to 100,000 molecules of gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a liposomal γPTHF composition wherein the liposome encapsulates γPTHF or a salt or acid thereof, and one or more aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains trehalose. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains 5% to 20% weight of trehalose. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space contains HBS at a concentration of between 1 to 200 mM and a pH of between 2 to 8. In some embodiments, liposome interior space has a pH 5-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, liposome interior space has a pH 6-7, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the liposome interior space has a total concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 50 mM to 500 mM, or any range therein between.

A Non-Polyglutamated Polyglutamatable Antifolates

In some embodiments, the liposome γPTHF (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, including PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) compositions comprise γPTHF e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and one or more non-polyglutamated, polyglutamatable antifolate compositions.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) comprises γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and tetrahydrofolate (THF). In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF (i.e., liposome gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate) comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and a polyglutamatable antifolate selected from the group consisting of: tetrahydrofolate, methotrexate (MTX), pemetrexed (PMX), lometrexol (LMX), raltitrexed (RTX), pralatrexate, AG2034, GW1843, aminopterin, and LY309887. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and lometrexol. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and pemetrexed. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and leucovorin. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and a triazine antifolate derivative (e.g., a sulphonyl fluoride triazine such as NSC 127755). In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2) inhibitor. In some embodiments, the SHMT2 inhibitor is an antifolate (e.g., a polyglutamatable or nonpolyglutamatable antifolate). In some embodiments, the SHMT2 inhibitor is an antifolate.

B Non-Polyglutamatable Antifolates

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) comprises a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a so-called “non-polyglutamatable” antifolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and a non-polyglutamatable antifolate that inhibits one or more enzymes in the folate cycle metabolic pathway. In further embodiments, the non-polyglutamatable antifolate inhibits one or more enzymes selected from: thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) transformylase, and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and a non-polyglutamatable antifolate that inhibits DHFR. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and a non-polyglutamatable antifolate that inhibits TS. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and a non-polyglutamatable antifolate that inhibits GAR or AICAR transformylase. In further embodiments, the non-polyglutamatable antifolate is selected from the group consisting of: trimetrexate (TMQ), piritrexim (BW301U), and talotrexin (PT523). In further embodiments, the non-polyglutamatable antifolate is selected from the group consisting of: nolatrexed (AG337), plevitrexed (ZD9331, BGC9331), and BGC 945 (ONX 0801).

C Platinums

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF (Lp-γPTHF, such as e.g., PLp-γPTHF, TPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, and NTLp-γPTHF) comprises a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent or a salt or acid, thereof. In some embodiments, the liposome contains a γPTHF/platinum based agent complex (e.g., as described in Section IIC).

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises an analog of a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: cisplatin, carboplatin, or oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and cisplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and a cisplatin analog, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and carboplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and carboplatin analog, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF and an oxaliplatin analog, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: nedaplatin, heptaplatin, and lobaplatin, nedaplatin, heptaplatin, and lobaplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and an analog of a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: nedaplatin, heptaplatin, and lobaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, 254S, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, and dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the Lp-γPTHF comprises a γPTHF and an analog of a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, 254S, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, and dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof.

In some embodiments, the liposome composition comprises liposomes that further contain one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker and a maleimide disposed on at least one of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome.

D Cyclodextrins

In additional embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprise a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) and a cyclodextrin (e.g., a cyclodextrin in Section IIC, herein).

In some embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprises a complex formed by a cyclodextrin and a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic compound or a salt or acid thereof. In a further embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent or a salt or acid thereof. In another embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a platinum-based drug. In another embodiment, the therapeutic agent is a taxane-based drug. In further embodiments, the therapeutic agent of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a member selected from the group consisting of: gemcitabine, a gemcitabine-based therapeutic agent, doxorubicin, an antifolate, an antifolate-based chemotherapeutic, or a salt or acid, acid or free base form thereof. In additional embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprises γPTHF and a cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex. In some embodiments, the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of a cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50.

In some embodiments, the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of a cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin//platinum-based agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In further embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex containing cyclodextrin and cisplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin//cisplatin (or cisplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a complex containing cyclodextrin and carboplatin or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/carboplatin (or carboplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a complex containing cyclodextrin and oxaliplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising cyclodextrin and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: nedaplatin, heptaplatin, lobaplatin, stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, bplatinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, and dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of nedaplatin, heptaplatin, lobaplatin, stratoplatin, paraplatin, platinol, cycloplatin, dexormaplatin, spiroplatin, picoplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, iproplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, or dedaplatin, or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/oxaliplatin (or oxaliplatin salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (or salt or acid or analog thereof) in the complex 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (or salt or acid or analog thereof) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (or salt or acid or analog thereof) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent (or salt or acid or analog thereof) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a cyclodextrin/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex. In some embodiments, the taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: paclitaxel (PTX), docetaxel (DTX), larotaxel (LTX), and cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/taxane-based agent in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/taxane-based agent in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/taxane-based agent in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of of cyclodextrin/taxane-based agent is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/taxane-based agent complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising cyclodextrin and paclitaxel (PTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of paclitaxel (PTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/paclitaxel (or paclitaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising cyclodextrin and docetaxel (DTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of docetaxel (DTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/docetaxel (or docetaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising cyclodextrin and larotaxel (LTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of larotaxel (LTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/larotaxel (or larotaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a complex comprising cyclodextrin and cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In other embodiments, the cyclodextrin/taxane-based chemotherapeutic agent complex comprises an analog of cabazitaxel (CTX), or a salt or acid thereof. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1-10:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, (21-50):1, or >50:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) in the complex is in the range 1:1-20, 1:1-10, or 1:2-8, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of cyclodextrin/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) is: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:(21-50), or 1:>50. In additional embodiments, the cyclodextrin/cabazitaxel (or cabazitaxel salt or acid) complex is encapsulated in a liposome (e.g., as described herein or otherwise known in the art).

The cyclodextrin of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex can be derivatized or underivatized. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin is derivatized. In further embodiments, the cyclodextrin is a derivatized beta-cyclodextrin (e.g., a hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), and a sulfobutyl ether beta-CD (SBE)-beta-cyclodextrin). In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a derivatized beta-cyclodextrin comprising: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more 2-hydroxylpropyl-3-group substitutions of hydroxy groups; or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more sulfoalkyl ether group substitutions of hydroxy groups. In further embodiments, the cyclodextrin of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a derivatized beta-cyclodextrin comprising: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more sulfobutyl ether group substitutions of hydroxy groups.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex contained in the γPTHF liposome composition is a derivatized cyclodextrin of Formula I:

wherein: n is 4, 5, or 6; and wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are each, independently, —H, a straight chain or branched C₁-C₈-alkylene group, a 2-hydroxylpropyl-3-group; or an optionally substituted straight-chain or branched C₁-C₆ group, wherein at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ is a straight-chain or branched C₁-C₈-alkylene group or a 2-hydroxylpropyl-3-group.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex contained in the γPTHF liposome composition is a derivatized cyclodextrin of Formula II:

wherein: n is 4, 5, or 6; and wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are each, independently, —O— or a —O—(C₂-C₆ alkylene)-SO3⁻ group; wherein at least one of R₁ and R₂ is independently a —O—(C₂-C₆ alkylene)-SO₃ ⁻ group; and S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, S₆, S₇, S₈, and S₉ are each, independently, a —H or a H or a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. In further embodiments, the wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable cation is selected from: an alkali metal such as Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺; an alkaline earth metal such as Ca⁺², or Mg⁺², and ammonium ions and amine cations such as the cations of (C1-C6)-alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine, (C1-C6)-alkanolamine and (C4-C8)-cycloalkanolamine.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprises between 100 to 100,000 of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complexes.

In some embodiments, a cyclodextrin derivative of the γPTHF/cyclodextrin complex and/or cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a cyclodextrin disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,248, 5,874,418, 6,046,177, 5,376,645, 5,134,127, 7,034,013, 6,869,939; and Intl. Appl. Publ. No. WO 02005/117911, the contents each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its priority.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a sulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrin. In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of complex is a sulfobutyl ether-3-cyclodextrin such as CAPTISOL® (CyDex Pharma. Inc., Lenexa, Kans. Methods for preparing sulfobutyl ether-3-cyclodextrin and other rsulfoalkyl ether cyclodextrins are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the cyclodextrin derivative of the cyclodextrin/therapeutic agent complex is a compound of Formula III:

wherein R equals:

-   -   (a) (H)_(21-X) or (—(CH₂)₄—SO₃Na)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0,         6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0;     -   (b) (H)_(21-x) or (—(CH₂CH(OH)CH₃)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0,         6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0;     -   (c) (H)_(21-X) or (sulfoalkyl ethers)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0,         6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0; or     -   (d) (H)_(21-X) or (—(CH₂)₄—SO₃Na)x, and x=1.0-10.0, 1.0-5.0,         6.0-7.0, or 8.0-10.0.

Additional cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin/platinum-based therapeutic complexes that can be contained in the γPTHF liposomes and used according to the disclosed methods is disclosed in U.S. Appl. No. 62/583,432, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference it its entirety.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprises a complex of a cyclodextrin and a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is cisplatin or a cisplatin analog. In some embodiments, the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is carboplatin. In additional embodiments, the liposome composition comprises a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent is a member selected from the group consisting of: carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin, tetraplatin, lipoplatin, lobaplatin, ormaplatin, zeniplatin, platinum-triamine, traplatin, enloplatin, JM216, 254S, NK121, CI973, DWA 2114R, NDDP, and dedaplatin. In some embodiments, the γPTHF liposome comprises between 100 to 100,000 platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent/CD complexes. In additional embodiments, the liposome composition comprises liposomes that have a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm or 20 nm to 200 nm, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, liposomes in the composition comprise between 100 to 100,000 platinum.

(3) Targeted Liposomes

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a liposomal γPTHF composition wherein the liposome comprises a γPTHF and a targeting moiety attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome, and wherein the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target cell of interest. Such liposomes may generally be referred to herein as “targeted liposomes”, e.g., liposomes including one or more targeting moieties or biodistribution modifiers on the surface of, or otherwise attached to, the liposomes. The targeting moiety of the targeted liposomes can be any moiety or agent that is capable of specifically binding a desired target (e.g., an antigen target expressed on the surface of a target cell of interest). In one embodiment, the targeted liposome specifically and preferentially binds to a target on the surface of a target cell of interest that internalizes the targeted liposome into which the liposome encapsulated γPTHF (e.g., gamma pentaglutamated THF or gamma hexaglutamated THF) exerts its cytotoxic effect. In further embodiments, the target cell is a cancer cell, a tumor cell or a metastatic cell. In some embodiments, the targeted liposome is pegylated.

The term “attach” or “attached” refers, for example, to any type of bonding such as covalent bonding, ionic bonding (e.g., avidin-biotin) bonding by hydrophobic interactions, and bonding via functional groups such as maleimide, or linkers such as PEG. For example, a detectable marker, a steric stabilizer, a liposome, a liposomal component, an immunostimulating agent may be attached to each other directly, by a maleimide functional group, or by a PEG-malemide group.

The composition and origination of the targeting moiety is non-limiting to the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety attached to the liposome is a polypeptide or peptidomimetic ligand. Peptide and peptidomimetic targeting moieties include those having naturally occurring or modified peptides, e.g., D or L peptides; gamma, beta, or gamma peptides; N-methyl peptides; azapeptides; peptides having one or more amide, i.e., peptide, linkages replaced with one or more urea, thiourea, carbamate, or sulfonyl urea linkages; or cyclic peptides. A peptidomimetic is a molecule capable of folding into a defined three-dimensional structure similar to a natural peptide. In some embodiments, the peptide or peptidomimetic targeting moiety is 2-50 amino acids long, e.g., about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 amino acids long

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety polypeptide is at least 40 amino acid residues in length. In other embodiments, the targeting moiety polypeptide is at least 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, or 300 amino acid residues in length.

In additional embodiments, the targeting moiety polypeptide such as an antibody or an antigen-binding antibody fragment that binds a target antigen with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as determined using BIACORE® analysis.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antibody derivative. In other embodiments, the binding domain of the targeting moiety polypeptide is not derived from the antigen binding domain of an antibody. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is a polypeptide derived from a binding scaffold selected from the group consisting of a DARPin, affilin, and armadillo repeat, D domain (see, e.g., WO 2016/164308), Z-domain (Affibody), adnectin, lipocalin, affilin, anticalin, knottin, fynomer, atrimer, kunitz domain (see, e.g., WO 2004/063337), CTLA4, or avimer (see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0175756, 2005/0053973, 2005/0048512, and 2006/0008844).

In additional embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or a derivative of the antigen binding domain of an antibody that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen of interest expressed on the surface of a target cell. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is a full-length antibody. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antigen binding portion of an antibody. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an scFv. In other embodiments, the targeting moiety is a Fab. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises a binding domain derived from the antigen binding domain of an antibody (e.g., an scFv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, an Fv fragment, a disulfide-linked Fv (sdFv), a Fd fragment containing VH and CH1 domains, an scFv, a minibody, a BiTE, a Tandab, a diabody ((VL—VH)₂ or (VH—VL)₂), a single domain antibody (e.g., an sdAb such as a nanobody (either VL or VH)), and a camelid VHH domain). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of antibody origin. Examples of suitable antibody-based targeting moieties for the disclosed targeted liposomes include a full-length human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, an antigen binding fragment of an antibody, a single chain antibody, a single-domain antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a synthetic antibody, a pegylated antibody and a multimeric antibody. The antibody of the provided targeted liposomes can have a combination of the above characteristics. For example, a humanized antibody can be an antigen binding fragment and can be pegylated and multimerized as well.

The term “humanized antibody” refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human (e.g., murine) sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins in which residues from the complementary determining region (CDR) are replaced by residues from the CDR of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, and hamster) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and capability (Jones et al., Nature 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science 239:1534-1536 (1988)). In some instances, the Fv framework region (FR) residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species that has the desired specificity, affinity, and capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the Fv framework region and/or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and/or capability. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two or three, variable domains containing all or substantially all of the CDR regions that correspond to the non-human immunoglobulin whereas all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Examples of methods used to generate humanized antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539 and 5,639,641.

In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a surface antigen of a target cell of interest. In some embodiments, the target cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the target cell is a tumor cell. In other embodiments, the target cell is an immune cell.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope expressed on a tumor cell surface antigen. The term “tumor cell surface antigen” refers to an antigen that is common to a specific hyperproliferative disorder such as cancer. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a tumor cell surface antigen that is a tumor associated antigen (TAA). A TAA is an antigen that is found on both tumor and some normal cells. A TAA may be expressed on normal cells during fetal development when the immune system is immature and unable to respond or may be normally present at extremely low levels on normal cells but which are expressed at much higher levels on tumor cells. Because of the dynamic nature of tumors, in some instances, tumor cells may express unique antigens at certain stages, and at others also express antigens that are also expressed on non-tumor cells. Thus, inclusion of a certain marker as a TAA does not preclude it being considered a tumor specific antigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a tumor cell surface antigen that is a tumor specific antigen (TSA). A TSA is an antigen that is unique to tumor cells and does not occur on other cells in the body. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a tumor cell surface antigen expressed on the surface of a cancer including but not limited to primary or metastatic melanoma, thymoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, lung cancer (e.g., NSCLC or SCLC), liver cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemias, multiple myeloma, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, renal cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, mesothelioma, and adenocarcinomas such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer and other cancers known in the art In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen expressed on the surface of a cell in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., and antigen such as VEGFR and TIE1, or TIE2 expressed on endothelial cells and macrophage, respectively, or an antigen expressed on tumor stromal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) tumor infiltrating T cells and other leukocytes, and myeloid cells including mast cells, eosinophils, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM).

In some embodiments, the targeted liposome γPTHF composition (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cancer or tumor cell surface antigen that is preferentially/differentially expressed on a target cell such as a cancer cell or tumor cell, compared to normal or non-tumor cells, that is present on a tumor cell but absent or inaccessible on a non-tumor cell. For example, in some situations, the tumor antigen is on the surface of both normal cells and malignant cancer cells but the tumor epitope is only exposed in a cancer cell. As a further example, a tumor cell surface antigen may experience a confirmation change in a cancerous state that causes a cancer cell specific epitope to be present. A targeting moiety with specific affinity to an epitope on a targetable tumor cell surface antigen described herein or otherwise known in the art is useful and is encompassed by the disclosed compositions and methods. In some embodiments, the tumor cell with the tumor cell surface antigen is a cancer cell. Examples of such tumor cell surface antigens include, without limitation folate receptor alpha, folate receptor beta and folate receptor delta.

In further embodiments, the targeting moiety comprises a polypeptide targeting moiety such as an antibody or an antigen-binding antibody fragment and the targeting moiety has binding specificity for a folate receptor. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety binds a folate receptor with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as determined using BIACORE® analysis. In some embodiments, the folate receptor bound by the targeting moiety is one or more folate receptors selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In a further embodiment, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for at least two antigens selected from the group consisting of folate receptor alpha, folate receptor beta, and folate receptor delta. In another embodiment, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for folate receptor alpha; folate receptor beta; and folate receptor delta.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen that internalizes the targeting moiety upon binding. Numerous cell surface antigens that internalize binding partners such as antibodies upon binding are known in the art and are envisioned to be binding targets for the targeting moieties expressed on the targeted liposome γPTHF compositions (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen.

In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of mannose-6-phosphate receptor, transferrin receptor, and a cell adhesion molecule (CAM). In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope of a CAM is selected from the group consist of: intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (BL-CAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), CD44, LFA-2, LFA-3, and basigin.

As discussed herein, folate receptors (FRs) are distinct from reduced folate carriers (RFCs) and exploit different pathways for bringing folates and antifolates into cells. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety specifically binds a folate receptor. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety specifically binds a folate receptor selected from folate receptor alpha, folate receptor beta and folate receptor delta. Antibodies to folate receptor alpha can routinely be generated using techniques known in the art. Moreover, the sequences of numerous anti-folate receptor antibodies are in the public domain and/or commercially available and are readily obtainable.

Murine antibodies against folate receptor are examples of antibodies that can be used as targeting moieties of the disclosed targeted liposome is a murine antibody against folate receptor. The sequence of these antibodies are known and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,646,253; 8,388,972; 8,871,206; and 9,133,275, and Intl. Appl. Nos. PCT/US2011/056966, and PCT/US2012/046672. For example, based on the sequences already in the public domain, the gene for the antibodies can be synthesized and placed into a transient expression vector and the antibody was produced in HEK-293 transient expression system. The antibody can be a complete antibody, a Fab, or any of the various antibody variations discussed herein or otherwise known in the art.

In some embodiments, the targeted liposome (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) contains from 1 to 1,000, 30-1,000, 50-1,000, or more than 1,000, targeting moieties on its surface. In some embodiments, the targeted liposome contains from 30 to 500, 30 to 250 or 30-200, targeting moieties, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the targeted liposome contains less than 220 targeting moieties, less than 200 targeting moieties, or less than 175 targeting moieties. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is non-covalently bonded to the outside of the liposome (e.g., via ionic interaction or a GPI anchor).

In some embodiments, the molecules on the outside of the targeted liposome (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) include a lipid, a targeting moiety, a steric stabilizer (e.g., a PEG), a maleimide, and a cholesterol. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is covalently bound via a maleimide functional group. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is covalently bound to a liposomal component or a steric stabilizer such as a PEG molecule. In some embodiments, all the targeting moieties of the liposome are bound to one component of the liposome such as a PEG. In other embodiments, the targeting moieties of the targeted liposome are bound to different components of the liposome. For example, some targeting moieties may be bound to the lipid components or cholesterol, some targeting moieties may be bound to the steric stabilizer (e.g., PEG) and still other targeting moieties may be bound to a detectable marker or to another targeting moiety. In some embodiments, the outside of the targeted liposome (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) further comprises one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker and a maleimide disposed on at least one of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome.

In some embodiments, the targeted liposome (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) is anionic or neutral. In some embodiments, the targeted anionic or neutral liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm or 20 nm to 200 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the targeted anionic or neutral liposome has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between.

In other embodiments, the targeted liposome (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) is cationic. In some embodiments, the targeted anionic or neutral liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm or 20 nm to 200 nm, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the targeted anionic or neutral liposome has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm, or any range therein between.

In additional embodiments, the liposomal composition comprises targeted liposomes (e.g., TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF) and 30-70%, 30-60%, or 30-50%, w/w of the gamma polyglutamated THF, or any range therein between. In some embodiments, the targeted liposomes comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the alpha polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the targeted liposomes, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the targeted liposomes.

In some embodiments, the targeted liposomal compositions comprise 30-70%, 30-60%, or 30-50%, w/w of the gamma tetraglutamated THF, or any range therein between In some embodiments, the targeted liposomes comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma tetraglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the targeted liposomes, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma tetraglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the targeted liposomes.

In some embodiments, the targeted liposomal compositions comprise 30-70%, 30-60%, or 30-50%, w/w of the gamma pentaglutamated THF, or any range therein between In some embodiments, the targeted liposomes comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the targeted liposomes, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma pentaglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the targeted liposomes.

In some embodiments, the targeted liposomal compositions comprise 30-70%, 30-60%, or 30-50%, w/w of the gamma hexaglutamated THF, or any range therein between In some embodiments, the targeted liposomes comprise at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, w/w of the gamma hexaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the targeted liposomes, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma hexaglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the targeted liposomes.

Methods and techniques for covalently associating polypeptide targeting moieties with a liposome surface molecule are known in the art and can readily be applied to prepare the TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF liposome compositions.

Chemical binding of non-proteinaceous targeting moieties and other compositions to the liposomal surface may be employed. Thus, a non-proteinaceous moiety, may be covalently or non-covalently linked to, embedded or adsorbed onto the liposome using any linking or binding method and/or any suitable chemical linker known in the art. The exact type and chemical nature of such cross-linkers and cross linking methods is preferably adapted to the type of affinity group used and the nature of the liposome. Methods for binding or adsorbing or linking the targeting moiety are also well known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, the targeting moiety may be attached to a group at the interface via, but not limited to, polar groups such as amino, SH, hydroxyl, aldehyde, formyl, carboxyl, His-tag or other polypeptides. In addition, the targeting moiety may be attached via, but not limited to, active groups such as succinimidyl succinate, cyanuric chloride, tosyl activated groups, imidazole groups, CNBr, NHS, Activated CH, ECH, EAH, Epoxy, Thiopropyl, Activated Thiol, etc., Moreover, the targeting moiety may be attached via, but not limited to, hydrophobic bonds (Van Der Waals) or electrostatic interactions that may or may not include cross-linking agents (e.g., bivalent anions, poly-anions, poly-cations etc.).

(4) Manufacture of Liposomes

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making a liposomal composition disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a mixture comprising: (1) a liposomal component; and (2) a gamma polyglutamated (e.g., pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated) tetrahydrofolate in aqueous solution. In further embodiments, the mixture comprises a pegylated liposomal component. The mixture is then homogenized to form liposomes in the aqueous solution. Further, the mixture can be extruded through a membrane to form liposomes enclosing the γPTHF in an aqueous solution. It is understood the liposomal components of this disclosure can comprise any lipid (including cholesterol) including functionalized lipids and lipids attached to targeting moieties, detectable labels, and steric stabilizers, or any subset of all of these. It is further noted that the bioactive γPTHF in aqueous solution can comprise any reagents and chemicals discussed herein or otherwise known in the art for the interior or exterior of the liposome including, for example, buffers, salts, and cryoprotectants.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making a targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF (targeted-PLp-γPTHF) or non-targeted PLp-γPTHF disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a mixture comprising: (1) a liposomal component; (2) a gamma polyglutamated (e.g., pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated) tetrahydrofolate in aqueous solution; and (3) the targeting moiety. The mixture is then homogenized to form liposomes in the aqueous solution. Further, the mixture may be extruded through a membrane to form liposomes enclosing the targeted γPTHF in an aqueous solution. It is understood that the targeted pegylated liposomal components can comprise any lipid (including cholesterol) including functionalized lipids and lipids attached to targeting moieties, detectable labels, and steric stabilizers, or any subset of all of these. It is further noted that the targeted pegylated liposome can comprise any reagents and chemicals discussed herein or otherwise known in the art for the interior or exterior of the liposome including, for example, buffers, salts, and cryoprotectants.

The above methods optionally further comprise the step of lyophilizing the composition after the removing step to form a lyophilized composition. As stated above, targeted-PTPLA or non-targeted-PTPLA in aqueous solution may comprise a cryoprotectant described herein or otherwise known in the art. If the composition is to be lyophilized, a cryoprotectant may be preferred.

Additionally, after the lyophilizing step, the method optionally further comprises the step of reconstituting the lyophilized composition by dissolving the composition in a solvent after the lyophilizing step. Methods of reconstitution are known in the art. One preferred solvent is water. Other preferred solvents include saline solutions and buffered solutions.

While certain exemplary embodiments, are discussed herein, it is understood that liposomes can be made by any method that is known in the art. See, for example, G. Gregoriadis (editor), Liposome Technology, vol. 1-3, 1st edition, 1983; 2nd edition, 1993, CRC Press, 45 Boca Raton, Fla. Examples of methods suitable for making liposome compositions include extrusion, reverse phase evaporation, sonication, solvent (e.g., ethanol) injection, microfluidization, detergent dialysis, ether injection, and dehydration/rehydration. The size of liposomes can routinely be controlled by controlling the pore size of membranes used for low pressure extrusions or the pressure and number of passes utilized in microfluidization or any other suitable methods known in the art.

In general, the γPTHF is contained inside, that is, in the inner (interior) space of the liposomes. In one embodiment, substituted ammonium is partially or substantially completely removed from the outer medium surrounding the liposomes. Such removal can be accomplished by any suitable means known in the art (e.g., dilution, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, dialysis, ultrafiltration, and precipitation). Accordingly, the methods of making liposomal compositions set forth above or otherwise known in the art can optionally further comprise the step of removing γPTHF in aqueous solution outside of the liposomes after forming the liposomes, for example, by the homogenization or by the extruding step.

In other embodiments, the disclosure provides a targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF (TPLp-γPTHF) that selectively targets folate receptors comprising: a liposome including an interior space, a γPTHF disposed within the interior space, a steric stabilizer molecule attached to an exterior of the liposome, and a targeting moiety comprising a protein with specific affinity for at least one folate receptor, said targeting moiety attached to at least one of the steric stabilizer and the exterior of the liposome. The components of this embodiment, may be the same as described for other embodiments, of this disclosure. For example, the targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF and the steric stabilizer which may be PEG, are as described in other parts of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of preparing a targeted composition comprising a pegylated liposome including an entrapped and/or encapsulated γPTHF; a targeting moiety an amino acid chain, the amino acid chain comprising a plurality of amino acids, the targeting moiety having a specific affinity for at least one type of folate receptor, the specific affinity being defined to include an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ moles [0.05 nM to 10 μM] for at least one type folate receptor, the targeting moiety attached to one or both of a PEG and an exterior of the liposome, the method comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and γPTHF in solution; homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution; processing the mixture to form liposomes entrapping and/or encapsulating γPTHF; and providing a targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes entrapping and/or encapsulating the γPTHF, the targeting moiety having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the method comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in solution; forming liposomes entrapping and/or encapsulating gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, for example by homogenizing or otherwise processing the mixture to form liposomes; and providing a targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes entrapping and/or encapsulating the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, the targeting moiety having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the processing includes one or more of: thin film hydration, extrusion, in-line mixing, ethanol injection technique, freezing-and-thawing technique, reverse-phase evaporation, dynamic high pressure microfluidization, microfluidic mixing, double emulsion, freeze-dried double emulsion, 3D printing, membrane contactor method, and stirring, and once the particles have been formed, the particles can have their sizes further modified by one or more of extrusion and sonication. In some embodiments, during the process of preparing the liposomes at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or more than 75%, of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the targeted liposomes. In some embodiments, the liposomes are anionic or neutral. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has the specific affinity for one or more of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has the specific affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α) and folate receptor beta (FR-β). In additional embodiments, the targeting moiety has the specific affinity for an epitope on a tumor cell surface antigen that is present on a tumor cell but absent or inaccessible on a non-tumor cell.

B. Antibody Delivery Vehicles

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides an antibody delivery vehicle (e.g., an immunoconjugate (ADC)). In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an immunoconjugate having the formula (A)-(L)-(γPTHF), wherein: (A) is an antibody or antigen binding fragment of an antibody; (L) is a linker; and (γPTHF) is a γPTHF composition described herein; and wherein said linker (L) links (A) to (γPTHF).

In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen on a cell of interest (e.g., an epitope and/or antigen described herein). In certain embodiments, the antibody binds to an antigen target that is expressed in or on the cell membrane (e.g., on the cell surface) of a cancer/tumor and the antibody is internalized by the cell after binding to the (antigen) target, after which the γPTHF is released intracellularly. In some embodiments, the antibody is a full length antibody.

The antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment of the (A)-(L)-(γPTHF) immunoconjugate can be an IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG or IgM antibody. The different classes of immunoglobulins have different and well known subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations. In certain embodiments, the antibody is an IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1 antibody.

In some embodiments, (A) is an antigen binding fragment of an antibody. In some embodiments, (A) is an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.

A “linker” is any chemical moiety that is capable of linking a compound, usually a drug, such as a γPTHF, to an antibody or antigen binding fragment of an antibody in a stable, covalent manner. The linkers can be susceptible to or be substantially resistant to acid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under which the compound or the antibody remains active. Suitable linkers are known in the art and include, for example, disulfide groups, thioether groups, acid labile groups, photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups and esterase labile groups. Linkers also include charged linkers, and hydrophilic forms thereof.

In some embodiments, the linker is selected from the group consisting of a cleavable linker, a non-cleavable linker, a hydrophilic linker, and a dicarboxylic acid based linker. In another embodiment, the linker is a non-cleavable linker. In another embodiment, the linker is selected from the group consisting: N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio) pentanoate (SPP); N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB) or N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)-2-sulfobutanoate (sulfo-SPDB); N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-carboxylate (SMCC); N-sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl) cyclohex-anecarboxylate (sulfoSMCC); N-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB); and N-succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-tetraethyleneglycol]ester (NHS -PEG4-ma-leimide). In a further embodiment, the linker is N-succinimidyl-[(N-maleimido-propionamido)-tetraethyleneglycol]ester (NHS -PEG4-maleimide).

In some embodiments, the γ polyglutamated THF is attached (coupled) to the antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment of the immunoconjugate directly, or through a linker using techniques known in the art. Such attachment of one or more γPTHF can include many chemical mechanisms, such as covalent binding, affinity binding, intercalation, coordinate binding and complexation. Covalent binding of the γPTHF and antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment can be achieved by direct condensation of existing side chains or by the incorporation of external bridging molecules. Many bivalent or polyvalent agents are useful in associating polypeptides to other proteins with coupling agents such as carbodiimides, diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde, diazobenzenes, and hexamethylene diamines. This list is not intended to be exhaustive of the various coupling agents known in the art but, rather, is exemplary of the more common coupling agents. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment is derivatized and then attached to the γ polyglutamated THF. Alternatively, the γPTHF can be derivatized and attached to the antibody or antigen binding antibody fragment using techniques known in the art.

In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody and γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups (including the glutamyl group in tetrahydrofolate). In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises γPTHF that comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In other embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises γPTHF that comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form. In further embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises γPTHF that comprises a glutamyl group in the D-form and two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form. In additional embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises γPTHF that comprises two or more glutamyl groups that have a gamma carboxyl linkage. In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises γ pentaglutamated THF. In further embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises L-γ pentaglutamated THF, a D-γ pentaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises a γ hexaglutamated THF (Lp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises an L-γ hexaglutamated THF, a D-γ hexaglutamated THF, or an L- and D-γ hexaglutamated THF.

In some embodiments, the antibody delivery vehicle composition comprises a γPTHF and an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen.

In some embodiments, the antibody delivery vehicle composition comprises a γPTHF and an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of mannose-6-phosphate receptor, transferrin receptor, and a cell adhesion molecule (CAM). In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for an epitope of a CAM is selected from the group consist of: intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (BL-CAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), CD44, LFA-2, LFA-3, and basigin

In some embodiments, the antibody delivery vehicle composition comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5-10, or greater than 10 γ polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the antibody delivery vehicle composition comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5-10, or greater than 10, γ pentaglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the antibody delivery vehicle composition comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5-10, or greater than 10, γ hexaglutamated THF.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

In some embodiments, the liposome composition is provided as a pharmaceutical composition containing the liposome and a carrier, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers contained in the provided pharmaceutical compositions include normal saline, isotonic dextrose, isotonic sucrose, Ringer's solution, and Hanks' solution. In some embodiments, a buffer substance is added to maintain an optimal pH for storage stability of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is between 6.0 and 7.5. In some embodiments, the pH is between 6.3 and 7.0. In further embodiments, the pH is 6.5. Ideally the pH of the pharmaceutical composition allows for both stability of liposome membrane lipids and retention of the entrapped entities. Histidine, hydroxyethylpiperazine-ethylsulfonate (HEPES), morpholipoethylsulfonate (MES), succinate, tartrate, and citrate, typically at 2-20 mM concentration, are exemplary buffer substances. Other suitable carriers include, e.g., water, buffered aqueous solution, 0.4% NaCl, and 0.3% glycine. Protein, carbohydrate, or polymeric stabilizers and tonicity adjusters can be added, e.g., gelatin, albumin, dextran, or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The tonicity of the composition can be adjusted to the physiological level of 0.25-0.35 mol/kg with glucose or a more inert compound such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or dextrin. These compositions can routinely be sterilized using conventional, sterilization techniques known in the art (e.g., by filtration). The resulting aqueous solutions can be packaged for use or filtered under aseptic conditions and lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous medium prior to administration.

The provided pharmaceutical liposome compositions can also contain other pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, and tonicity adjusting agents, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride. Additionally, the liposome suspension may include lipid-protective agents which protect lipids against free-radical and lipid-peroxidative damages on storage. Lipophilic free-radical quenchers, such as gamma-tocopherol and water-soluble iron-specific chelators, such as ferrioxamine, are suitable.

The liposome concentration in the provided fluid pharmaceutical formulations can vary widely depending upon need, e.g., from less than about 0.05% usually or at least about 2-10% to as much as 30-50% by weight and will be selected primarily by fluid volumes, and viscosities, in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected. For example, the concentration may be increased to lower the fluid load associated with treatment. This may be particularly desirable in patients having atherosclerosis-associated congestive heart failure or severe hypertension. Alternatively, liposome pharmaceutical compositions composed of irritating lipids may be diluted to low concentrations to lessen inflammation at the site of administration.

Some embodiments, relate to a method of delivering a targeted pegylated liposomal formulation of γPTHF, to a tumor expressing folate receptor on its surface. An exemplary method comprises the step of administering a liposome pharmaceutical composition provided herein in an amount to deliver a therapeutically effective dose of the targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF to the tumor.

The amount of liposome pharmaceutical composition administered will depend upon the particular γPTHF entrapped inside the liposomes, the disease state being treated, the type of liposomes being used, and the judgment of the clinician. Generally the amount of liposome pharmaceutical composition administered will be sufficient to deliver a therapeutically effective dose of the particular therapeutic entity.

The quantity of liposome pharmaceutical composition necessary to deliver a therapeutically effective dose can be determined by routine in vitro and in vivo methods, common in the art of drug testing. See, for example, D. B. Budman, A. H. Calvert, E. K. Rowinsky (editors). Handbook of Anticancer Drug Development, LWW, 2003. Therapeutically effective dosages for various therapeutic compositions are known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, a therapeutic entity delivered via the pharmaceutical liposome composition and provides at least the same or higher activity than the activity obtained by administering the same amount of the therapeutic entity in its routine non-liposome formulation. Typically, the dosages for the liposome pharmaceutical composition is in a range for example, between about 0.005 and about 5000 mg of the therapeutic entity per square meter (m²) of body surface area, most often, between about 0.1 and about 100 mg therapeutic entity per m² of body surface area.

For example, if the subject has a tumor, an effective amount may be that amount of the agent (e.g., γPTHF composition) that reduces the tumor volume or load (as for example determined by imaging the tumor). Effective amounts can also routinely be assessed by the presence and/or frequency of cancer cells in the blood or other body fluid or tissue (e.g., a biopsy). If the tumor is impacting the normal functioning of a tissue or organ, then the effective amount can routinely be assessed by measuring the normal functioning of the tissue or organ. In some instances the effective amount is the amount required to lessen or eliminate one or more, and preferably all, symptoms.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the γPTHF compositions (e.g., liposomes containing a pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate) are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions are sterile compositions that comprise a sample liposome and preferably γPTHF, preferably in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

Unless otherwise stated herein, a variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend, upon the particular active agent selected, the particular condition being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The provided methods can be practiced using any known mode of administration that is medically acceptable and in accordance with good medical practice. In some embodiments, the administration route is an injection. In further embodiments, the injection is by a parenteral route elected from an intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intraarticular, intraepidural, intrathecal, intravenous, intramuscular, or intra sternal injection. In some embodiments, the administration route is an infusion. In additional embodiments, the administration route is oral, nasal, mucosal, sublingual, intratracheal, ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal, ocular, topical, transdermal, pulmonary, or inhalation.

Therapeutic compositions containing γPTHF compositions such as the liposomal γPTHF compositions described herein can be conventionally administered intravenously, as by injection of a unit dose, for example. The term “unit dose” when used in reference to a therapeutic composition provided herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for the subject, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required diluent; e.g., carrier, or vehicle. In a specific embodiment, therapeutic compositions containing an Adapter are administered subcutaneously.

In some embodiments, the γ-PTHF composition is administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in a therapeutically effective amount. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, capacity of the subject's system to utilize the active ingredient, and degree of therapeutic effect desired. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be administered depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual. However, suitable dosage ranges for systemic application are disclosed herein and depend on the route of administration. Suitable regimes for administration are also variable, but are typified by an initial administration followed by repeated doses at one or more hour intervals by a subsequent injection or other administration. Alternatively, continuous intravenous infusion sufficient to maintain concentrations in the blood in the ranges specified for in vivo therapies are contemplated.

The γPTHF composition are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular patient being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. The dosage ranges for the administration of γPTHF composition are those large enough to produce the desired effect in which the disease symptoms mediated by the target molecule are ameliorated. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as, hyperviscosity syndromes, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, and other adverse side effects known in the art. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, weight, height, body surface area, state of health (e.g., renal and liver function), condition, sex and extent of the disease in the patient and can routinely be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any complication.

The dosage schedule and amounts effective for therapeutic and prophylactic uses, i.e., the “dosing regimen”, will depend upon a variety of factors, including the cause, stage and severity of the disease or disorder, the health, physical status, age of the subject being treated, and the site and mode of the delivery of the γPTHF composition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the γPTHF composition can be determined by standard pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and toxicological procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. Data obtained from these procedures can likewise be used in formulating a range of dosages for human use. Moreover, therapeutic index (i.e., the dose therapeutically effective in 50 percent of the population divided by the dose lethal to 50 percent of the population (ED50/LD50)) can readily be determined using known procedures. The dosage is preferably within a range of concentrations that includes the ED50 with little or no toxicity, and may vary within this range depending on the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

The dosage regimen also takes into consideration pharmacokinetics parameters known in the art, such as, drug absorption rate, bioavailability, metabolism and clearance (see, e.g., Hidalgo-Aragones, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 58:611-617 (1996); Groning et al., Pharmazie 51:337-341 (1996); Fotherby, Contraception 54:59-69 (1996); and Johnson et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 84:1144-1146 (1995)). It is well within the state of the art for the clinician to determine the dosage regimen for each subject being treated. Moreover, single or multiple administrations of the γPTHF composition can be administered depending on the dosage and frequency as required and tolerated by the subject. The duration of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment will vary depending on the particular disease or condition being treated. Some diseases are amenable to acute treatment whereas others require long-term, chronic therapy. The γPTHF composition can be administered serially, or simultaneously with the additional therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in a liposomal composition at a dose of between 0.005 and 5000 mg of γPTHF per square meter of body surface area, or any range therein between. In further embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in a liposomal composition at a dose of between 0.1 and 1000 mg γPTHF per square meter of body surface area, or any range therein between.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in an immunoconjugate composition at a dose of 1 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 250 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 150 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg,1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, or any range therein between.

In another embodiment, the γPTHF composition is administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutics.

In some embodiment, the PLp-γPTHF and/or targeted-PLp-γPTHF is prepared as an infusion composition, an injection composition, a parenteral composition, or a topical composition. In further embodiments, the injection includes one or more of: intraperitoneal injection, direct intratumor injection, intra-arterial injection, and intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, delivery via transcutaneous and intranasal route. In a further embodiment, the PLp-γPTHF and/or targeted-PLp-γPTHF is a liquid solution or a suspension. However, solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection are also provided herein. In some embodiments, the targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF composition is formulated as an enteric-coated tablet or gel capsule according to methods known in the art.

In some embodiments, the targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF formulations are administered to a tumor of the central nervous system using a slow, sustained intracranial infusion of the liposomes directly into the tumor (e.g., a convection-enhanced delivery (CED)). See, Saito et al., Cancer Research 64:2572-2579 (2004); Mamot et al., J. Neuro-Oncology 68:1-9 (2004). In other embodiments, the formulations are directly applied to tissue surfaces. Sustained release, pH dependent release, and other specific chemical or environmental condition-mediated release administration of the pegylated liposomal γPTHF formulations (e.g., depot injections and erodible implants) are also provided. Examples of such release-mediating compositions are further described herein or otherwise known in the art.

For administration by inhalation, the compositions can be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, ichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.

When it is desirable to deliver the compositions systemically, they can formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Pharmaceutical parenteral formulations include aqueous solutions of the ingredients. Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Alternatively, suspensions of liposomes can be prepared as oil-based suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides.

Alternatively, the non-targeted or targeted pegylated liposomal γPTHF can be in powder form or lyophilized form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

The provided compositions (e.g., γPTHF and liposomes containing the γPTHF) can also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

Methods of Use and Treatment

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of using γPTHF (γPTHF) compositions. In some embodiments, the gamma γPTHF compositions are used to treat a disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of killing a cell that comprises contacting the cell with a composition comprising a γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the γPTHF is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the γPTHF comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a hyperproliferative cell. In further embodiments, the hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell. In yet further embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dysplasias or dyscrasias. In yet further embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In other embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of killing a cell that comprises contacting the cell with a liposome containing γPTHF (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the liposome is peglyated (e.g., PLp-γPTHF and NTPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF and TPLp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the liposome is peglyated and comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that specifically binds an antigen on the surface of the cell (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome is not peglyated (e.g., PLp-γPTHF and NTPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the unpegylated liposome comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that specifically binds an antigen on the surface of the cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the contacted cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cell is a human cell. In additional embodiments, the contacted cell is a hyperproliferative cell. In further embodiments, the hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In other embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the liposome contains a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, liposome comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, liposome comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises contacting a hyperproliferative cell with a delivery vehicle (e.g., a liposome or antibody immunoconjugate) comprising γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is non-targeted. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle is targeted and comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell and wherein the antigen is selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate.In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In particular embodiments, the method of a killing a hyperproliferative cell is performed using a liposome delivery vehicle that comprises γPTHF (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an non-targeted liposome. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments the delivery vehicle is a liposome comprising a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF and TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome comprising a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the liposome is peglyated (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, and NTPLp-γPTHF). In further embodiments, the liposome is peglyated and comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In other embodiments, the embodiments, the liposome is unpeglyated. In some embodiments, the liposome is unpeglyated and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate.In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments the liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, liposome comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, liposome comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting the proliferation of a cancer cell that comprises contacting the cancer cell with a delivery vehicle (e.g., a liposome or antibody) comprising γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is non-targeted. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is targeted and comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cancer cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cancer cell. In some embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a human cell. In additional embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody that has specific affinity for an epitope on one of the above-listed cell surface antigens. In other embodiments, the targeting vehicle is a liposome that comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on the surface of the cancer cell. In other embodiments, the targeting vehicle is a liposome that comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on one of the above-listed cell surface antigens. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome that is peglyated. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome that is unpegylated. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF composition containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In further embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting the proliferation of a cancer cell that comprises contacting the cancer cell with a liposome comprising γPTHF (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the liposome is non-targeted. In some embodiments, the liposome is targeted and comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cancer cell. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a mammalian cell. In further embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a human cell. In additional embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the contacted cancer cell is a primary cell or a cell from a cell line obtained/derived from colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vitro. In other embodiments, the targeting vehicle is a liposome that comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on one of the above-listed cell surface antigens. In some embodiments, the liposome is peglyated. In other embodiments, the liposome that is unpegylated. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF composition containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a hyperproliferative disorder that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having a hyperproliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle does not comprise a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen of the hyperproliferative cell. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is cancer. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is an autoimmune disease (e.g., inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis). In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is a benign or malignant tumor; leukemia, hematological, or lymphoid malignancy. In other embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder selected from the group consisting of a: neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic, glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal, blastocoelic, inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic disorder, including an autoimmune disease.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a hyperproliferative disorder that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposome comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having a hyperproliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In some embodiments, the liposome is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the hyperproliferative cell. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope on cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the liposome does not comprise a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen of the hyperproliferative cell. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, liposome comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is cancer. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis). In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is a benign or malignant tumor; leukemia, hematological, or lymphoid malignancy. In other embodiments, the hyperproliferative disorder is selected from the group consisting of a: neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic, glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal, blastocoelic, inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic disorder, including an autoimmune disease.

Exemplary hyperproliferative disorders that can be treated according to the disclosed methods include, but are not limited to, disorders associated with benign, pre-malignant, and malignant cellular proliferation, including but not limited to, neoplasms and tumors (e.g., histiocytoma, glioma, astrocytoma, osteoma), cancers (e.g., lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, bowel cancer, colorectal cancer, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma), and melanoma), leukemias, psoriasis, bone diseases, fibroproliferative disorders (e.g., of connective tissues), and atherosclerosis.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: lung (e.g., non-small lung cancer), pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian, lung, prostate, head and neck, gastric, gastrointestinal, colon, esophageal, cervical, kidney, biliary duct, gallbladder, and a hematologic malignancy (e.g., a leukemia or lymphoma).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposome comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In some embodiments, the liposome is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. In additional embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: lung (e.g., non-small lung cancer), pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian, lung, prostate, head and neck, gastric, gastrointestinal, colon, esophageal, cervical, kidney, biliary duct, gallbladder, and a hematologic malignancy (e.g., a leukemia or lymphoma).

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering to a subject having or at risk of having cancer, an effective amount of a liposomal composition containing a liposome that comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of the cancer. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are not pegylated. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, administered liposomes comprise a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, t administered liposomes comprise polyglutamate administered liposomes comprise d 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and a hematologic malignancy.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a tumor specific antigen (TSA) or tumor associated antigen (TAA). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: a tumor differentiation antigen (e.g., MART1/MelanA, gp100 (Pmel 17), tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2), a tumor-specific multilineage antigen (e.g., MAGE1, MAGE3, BAGE, GAGE1, GAGE2, and p15), an overexpressed embryonic antigen (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)), an overexpressed oncogene or mutated tumor-suppressor gene product (e.g., p53, Ras, and HER2/neu), a unique tumor antigen resulting from chromosomal translocations (e.g., BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, and MYL-RAR), a viral antigen (e.g., Epstein Barr virus antigen EBVA, human papillomavirus (HPV) antigen E6 or E7), GP 100), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PTGER4, ITGA4, CD37, CD52, CD62L (L-selectin), CXCR4, CD69, EVI2B (CD361), SLC39A8, MICB, LRRC70, CLELC2B, HMHA1, LST1, and CMTM6 (CKLFSF6).

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a hematologic tumor antigen. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a hematologic tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of: CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD138, CD33, CD38, CD123, CS1, ROR1, Lewis^(Y), Ig kappa light chain, TCR, BCMA, TACI, BAFFR (CD268), CALLA, and a NKG2DL ligand). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a B-cell lymphoma-specific idiotype immunoglobulin, or a B-cell differentiation antigen (e.g., CD19, CD20, and CD37). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on a multiple myeloma cell (e.g., CS-1, CD38, CD138, MUC1, HM1.24, CYP1B1, SP17, PRAME, Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), and heat shock protein gp96) or an antigen on myeloid cells (e.g., TSLPR and IL-7R).

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a solid tumor antigen. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a hematologic tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of: disialoganglioside (GD2), o-acetyl GD2, EGFRvIII, ErbB2, VEGFR2, FAP, mesothelin, IL13Ra2 (glioma), cMET, PSMA, L1CAM, CEA, and EGFR.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: CD137, PDL1, CTLA4, CD47, KIR, TNFRSF10B (DR5), TIM3, PD1, cMet, Glycolipid F77, EGFRvIII, HLAA2 (NY-ESO-1), LAG3, CD134 (OX40), HVEM, BTLA, TNFRSF25 (DR3), CD133, MAGE A3, PSCA, MUC1, CD44v6, CD44v6/7, CD44v7/8, IL11Ra, ephA2, CAIX, MNCAIX, CSPG4, MUC16, EPCAM (EGP2), TAG72, EGP40, ErbB receptor family, ErbB2 (HER2), ErbB3/4, RAGE1, GD3, FAR, Lewis^(Y), NCAM, HLAA1/MAGE1, MAGEA1, MAGEA3, MAGE-A4, B7H3, WT1, MelanA (MART1), HPV E6, HPV E7, thyroglobulin, tyrosinase, PSA, CLL1GD3, Tn Ag, FLT3, KIT, PRSS21, CD24, PDGFR-beta, SSEA4, prostase, PAP, ELF2M, ephB2, IGF1, IGFII, IGFI receptor, LMP2, gp100, bcr-ab1, Fucosyl GM1, sLe, GM3, TGS5, folate receptor beta, TEM1 (CD248), TEM7R, CLDN6, TSHR, GPRC5D, CXORF61, CD97, CD7a, HLE, CD179a, ALK, Plysialic acid, PLAC1, GloboH, NY-BR-1, UPK2, HAVCR1, ADRB3, PANX3, GPR20, LY6K, OR51E2, TARP, LAGE1a, legumain, E7, ETV6-AML, sperm protein 17, XAGE1, Tie 2, MAD-CT1, MAD-CT2, Fos-related antigen 1, p53, p53 mutant, prostein, survivin, telomerase, PCTA1 (Galectin 8), Ras mutant, hTERT, sarcoma translocation breakpoints, ML-IAP, ERG (TMPRSS2 ETS fusion gene), NA17, PAX3, Androgen receptor, Cyclin B1, MYCN, RhoC, TRP2, CYP1B1, BORIS, SART3, PAX5, OY-TES1, LCK, AKAP4, SSX2, reverse transcriptase, RU1, RU2, intestinal carboxyl esterase, neutrophil elastase, mut hsp70-2, CD79a, CD79b, CD72, LAIR1, FCAR, LILRA2, CD300LF, CLEC12A, BST2, EMR2, LY75, GPC3, FCRLS, IGLL1, TSP-180, MAGE4, MAGES, MAGE6, VEGFR1, IGF1R, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, p185ErbB2, p180ErbB-3, nm-23H1, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CAM 17.1, NuMa, K-ras, beta-Catenin, CDK4, Mum1, p15, p16, 43-9F, 5T4, 791Tgp72, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, BCA225, BTAA, CA125, CA15-3, CA 27.29 (BCAA), CA195, CA242, CA-50, CAM43, CD68, CO-029, FGF5, G250, HTgp-175, M344, MA50, MG7-Ag, MOV18, NB/70K, NY-CO1, RCAS1, SDCCAG16, M2BP, TAAL6, TLP, and TPS, glioma-associated antigen, gamma-fetoprotein (AFP), p26 fragment of AFP, lectin-reactive AFP, and TLR4.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of : PDGFRA, VEGFR1, VEGFR3, neuropilin 1 (NRP1), neuropilin 2 (NRP2), betacellulin, PLGF, RET (rearranged during transfection), TIE1, TIE2 (TEK), CA125, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD10, CD13, CD25 CD32, CD32b, CD44 (e.g., CD44v6), CD47, CD49e (integrin gamma 5), CD54 (ICAM), CD55, CD64, CD74, CD80, CD90, CD200, CD147, CD166, CD200, ESA, SHH, DHH, IHH, patched 1 (PTCH1), smoothened (SMO), WNT1, WNT2B, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT4A, WNTSA, WNTSB, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT16B, LKPS, LRPS, LRP6, FZD1, FZD2, FZD4, FZDS, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, Notch, Notch1, Notch3, Notch4, DLL4, Jagged, Jagged1, Jagged2, Jagged3, TNFRSF1A (TNFR1, p55, p60), TNFRSF1B (TNFR2), TNFRSF6 (Fas, CD95), TNFRSF6B (DcR3), TNFRSF7 (CD27), TNFSF9 (41BB Ligand), TNFRSF8 (CD30), TNFRSF10A (TRAILR1, DR4), TNFRSF11A (RANK), TNFRSF12 (TWEAKR), TNFRSF19L (KELT), TNFRSF19 (TROY), TNFRSF21 (DR6), ILIRI, 1L1R2, IL2R, IL5R, IL6R, 1L8R, IL10R, IL12R, IL13R, IL15R, IL18R, IL19R, IL21R, IL23R, XAG1, XAG3, REGIV, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, ALK, ALK1, ALK7, ALCAM, Ax1, TGFb, TGFb2, TGFb3, TGFBR1, IGFIIR, BMPRI, N-cadherin, E-cadherin,1 VE-cadherin, ganglioside GM2, ganglioside GD3, PSGR, DCC, CDCP1, CXCR2, CXCR7, CCR3, CCR4, CCRS, CCR7, CCR10, Claudin1, Claudin2, Claudin3, Claudin4, TMEFF2, neuregulin, MCSF, CSF, CSFR (fms), GCSF, GCSFR, BCAM, BRCA1, BRCA2, HLA-DR, ABCC3, ABCB5, HM 1.24, LFA1, LYNX, S100A8, S100A9, SCF, Von Willebrand factor, Lewis Y6 receptor, CA G250 (CA9), CRYPTO, VLA5, HLADR, MUC18, mucin CanAg, EGFL7, integrin avb3, integrin γ5β activin B1 gamma, leukotriene B4 receptor (LTB4R), neurotensin NT receptor (NTR), 5T4 oncofetal antigen, Tenascin C, MMP, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, MMP12, MMP14, MMP26, cathepsin G, SULF1, SULF2, MET, CA9, TM4SF1, syndecan (SDC1), Ephrin B4, TEM1, TGFbeta 1, and TGFBRII.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen associated with a disorder of the immune system (e.g., an autoimmune disorder and an inflammatory disorder), or is associated with regulating an immune response. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen expressed on the surface of a macrophage (expressing CD44).

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an immunoinhibitory target. In another embodiment, the AD is an epitope of an immunoinhibitory target selected from the group consisting of: IL1Ra, IL6R, CD26L, CD28, CD80, FcGamma RIIB. In another embodiment, the AD in the Adapter is an epitope of an immunostimulatory target selected from: CD25, CD28, CTLA4, PD1, B7H1 (PDL1), B7H4 TGFbeta, TNFRSF4 (OX40), TNFRSF5 (CD40), TNFRSF9 (41BB, CD137), TNFRSF14 (HVEM), TNFRSF25 (DR3), and TNFRSF18 (GITR).

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: IL1Rb, C3AR, C5AR, CXCR1, CXCR2, CCR1, CCR3, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10, ChemR23, MPL, GP130, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TREM1, TREM2, CD49a (integrin gamma 1), integrin a5b3, gamma4 integrin subunit, A4B7 integrin, cathepsin G, TNFRSF3 (LTBR), TNFRSF6 (Fas, CD95), TNFRSF6B (DcR3), TNFRSF8 (CD30), TNFRSF11A (RANK), TNFRSF16 (NGFR), TNFRSF19L (RELT), TNFRSF19 (TROY), TNFRSF21 (DR6), CD14, CD23, CD36, CD36L, CD39, CD91, CD153, CD164, CD200, CD200R, B71 (CD80), B72 (CD86), B7h, B7DC (PDL2), ICOS, ICOSL, MHC, CD, B7H2, B7H3, B7x, SLAM, KIM1, SLAMF2, SLAMF3, SLAMF4, SLAMF5, SLAMF6, SLAMF7, TNFRSF1A (TNFR1, p55, p60), TNFRSF1B (TNFR2), TNFRSF7 (CD27), TNFRSF12 (TWEAKR), TNFRSF5 (CD40), IL1R, IL2R, IL4Ra, IL5R, IL6RIL15R, IL17R, IL17Rb, IL17RC, IL22RA, IL23R, TSLPR, B7RP1, cKit, GMCSF, GMCSFR, CD2, CD4, CD11a, CD18, CD30, CD40, CD86, CXCR3, CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, RhD, IgE, and Rh.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer that expresses folate receptor on its cell surface, wherein the liposomal composition comprises liposomes that comprise (a) gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) and (b) a targeting moiety that has specific binding affinity for a folate receptor. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α) and folate receptor beta (FR-β). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are not pegylated. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, administered liposomes comprise a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered liposomes comprise polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat an epithelial tissue malignancy. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and a hematologic malignancy.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating lung cancer (e.g., non-small lung cancer) that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having lung cancer. In particular embodiments, the, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer) cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of Mucin 1, Nectin 4, NaPi2b, CD56, EGFR, and SC-16. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or a fragment of an antibody. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of Mucin 1, Nectin 4, NaPi2b, CD56, EGFR, and SC-16. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a pegylated liposome that comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from consisting of Mucin 1, Nectin 4, NaPi2b, CD56, EGFR, and SC-16. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating pancreatic cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody (ADC) or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having pancreatic cancer. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a pancreatic cancer cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of TACSTD2 (TROP2), Mucin 1, mesothelin, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, and Nectin 4. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of TACSTD2 (TROP2), Mucin 1, Mesothelin, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, and Nectin 4. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolateln some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating breast cancer (e.g., triple negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor⁻, progesterone receptor⁻, and HER2)) that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having breast cancer. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is a liposome that comprises gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a breast cancer cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: LIV-1 (ZIP6), EGFR, HER2, HER3, Mucin 1, GONMB, and Nectin 4. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or a fragment of an antibody. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: LIV-1 (ZIP6), EGFR, HER2, HER3, Mucin 1, GONMB, and Nectin 4. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a hematological cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having a hematological cancer. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF)). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a hematological cancer cell. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: CD30, CD79b, CD19, CD138, CD74, CD37, CD19, CD22, CD33, and CD98. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen selected from the group consisting of: CD30, CD79b, CD19, CD138, CD74, CD37, CD19, CD22, CD33, and CD98. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a subject having or at risk of having a cancer that is distinguishable by the expression of an antigen on its cell surface. Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer, an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody or liposome) comprising a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a surface antigen of the cancer and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or a fragment of an antibody. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions (e.g., liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate) are administered to subjects having or at risk of having a cancer, a solid tumor, and/or a metastasis that is distinguishable by the expression of a tumor specific antigen or tumor associated antigen on its cell surface. Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., liposome) comprising a targeting moiety and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer, solid tumor, and/or metastasis that is distinguishable by the expression of a tumor specific antigen or tumor associated antigen on its cell surface cancer, and wherein the targeting moiety has specific binding affinity for an epitope on an tumor specific antigen or tumor associated antigen. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is a liposome. In further embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen expressed on the surface of a cancer, a solid tumor, and/or a metastatic cell. In additional embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZDS, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In further embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., an antibody or liposome) comprising a targeting moiety on its surface has specific affinity for an epitope of a folate receptor, and a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer that contains cells expressing the folate receptor on their cell surface. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody, or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody. In further embodiments, the targeting moiety has specific affinity for folate receptor alpha, folate receptor beta or folate receptor delta. As disclosed herein, the folate receptor targeted pegylated liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate are able to deliver high quantities of gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to cancer cells and particularly cancer cells that express folate receptors, compared to normal cells (i.e., cells that unlike cancer cells do not actively take up liposomes, and/or do not express folate receptors). Any cancers that express folate receptors may be treated according to the disclosed methods. It should be noted that some cancers may express folate receptors in an early stage while the majority of cancers may express folate receptors at late stages. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is a liposome. In further embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for cancer maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition comprising liposomes that contain gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition is a PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a surface antigen of a cancer cell (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are pegylated and comprise a targeting moiety (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that comprise a targeting moiety and further comprises liposomes that do not comprise a targeting moiety. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises liposomes that are pegylated and liposomes that are not pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF that contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the cancer treated by one or more of the methods disclosed herein is a solid tumor lymphoma. Examples of solid tumor lymphoma include Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and B cell lymphoma.

In some embodiments, the cancer treated by one or more of the methods disclosed herein is bone cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, connective tissue cancer, cancer of the digestive system, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, eye cancer, cancer of the head and neck, gastric cancer, intra-epithelial neoplasm, melanoma neuroblastoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, retinoblastoma, or rhabdomyosarcoma. In some embodiments, the cancer treated by one or more of the methods disclosed herein is selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer treated by one or more of the methods disclosed herein is selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer treated by one or more of the methods disclosed herein is colorectal cancer

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a composition comprising a delivery vehicle and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises a pegylated delivery vehicle. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest such as a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the composition is administered to treat colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the administered composition contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered composition polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered composition polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises s a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the administered composition D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the administered composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the de administered composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition comprising liposomes that contain gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., Lp-γPTHF, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., PLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprise gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In additional embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition that comprises targeted liposomes (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having cancer, wherein the liposomal composition comprises liposomes that comprise gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (Lp-γPTHF) and further comprise a targeting moiety having a specific affinity for a surface antigen (epitope) on the cancer. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, melanoma, myeloma, a leukemia and a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, liposomes of the administered liposomal composition comprise a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In further embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a liposomal composition that contains targeted liposomes (e.g., TLp-γPTHF or TPLp-γPTHF) to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer that expresses folate receptor on its cell surface, wherein the liposomal composition comprises liposomes that comprise (a) gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (γPTHF) and (b) a targeting moiety that has specific binding affinity for the folate receptor. In some embodiments, the administered liposomal composition comprises pegylated liposomes (e.g., TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor gamma (FR-late receptor beta (FR-β), and/or folate receptor delta (FR-δ). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety has a specific binding affinity for folate receptor alpha (FR-α) and folate receptor beta (FR-β). In some embodiments, the liposomal composition is administered to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and a hematologic malignancy In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprise a γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, an administered liposome comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the administered liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, a liposome of the liposomal composition comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder of the immune system (e.g., an autoimmune disease such as inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis) that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder of the immune system. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of an immune cell associated with a disorder of the immune system. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease is inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating an infectious disease (e.g., HIV) that comprises administering an effective amount of a delivery vehicle (e.g., antibody or liposome) comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., a γPTHF disclosed herein) to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is an antibody (e.g., a full-length IgG antibody, a bispecific antibody, or a scFv). In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome (e.g., an Lp-γPTHF such as, PLp-γPTHF, NTLp-γPTHF, NTPLp-γPTHF, TLp-γPTHF, or TPLp-γPTHF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is pegylated. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is not pegylated. In additional embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has a specific affinity for an epitope of an antigen on the surface of a pathogen associated with an infectious disease. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises γPTHF containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6S]-5-methyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In further embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF. In other embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form. In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle comprises L and D gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a γPTHF containing 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the L-form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups in the D-form.

In some embodiments, the administered delivery vehicle is a liposome. In further embodiments, the liposome is pegylated. In additional embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety on its surface that specifically binds an antigen on the surface of a target cell of interest. In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neoantigen.

In further embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a liposome, and the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope of a cell surface antigen selected from the group consisting of: GONMB, TACSTD2 (TROP2), CEACAM5, EPCAM, a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor-α, folate receptor-β or folate receptor-δ), Mucin 1 (MUC-1), MUC-6, STEAP1, mesothelin, Nectin 4, ENPP3, Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), SLC44A4, NaPi2b, CD70 (TNFSF7), CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase), 5T4 (TPBG), SLTRK6, SC-16, Tissue factor, LIV-1 (ZIP6), CGEN-15027, P cadherin, fibronectin extra-domain B (ED-B), VEGFR2 (CD309), tenascin, collagen IV, periostin, endothelin receptor, HER2, HER3, ErbB4, EGFR, EGFRvIII, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR6, IGFR-1, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, SMO, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CD11, CD11a, CD15, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD26, CD27L, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD79b, CD98, CD105, CD133, CD138, cripto, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, EphA1 an EphA receptor, an EphB receptor, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8, EphB1, EphB2, EphB3, EphB4, EphB6, an integrin (e.g., integrin αvβ3, αvβ5, or αvβ6), a C242 antigen, Apo2, PSGR, NGEP, PSCA, TMEFF2, endoglin, PSMA, CanAg, CALLA, c-Met, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, DDR1, PDGFR alpha, PDGFR beta, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, UFO, LTK, ALK, Tie1, Tie2, PTK7, Ryk, TCR, NMDAR, LNGFR, and MuSK. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a targeting moiety that has specific affinity for an epitope on a cell surface antigen(s) derived from, or determined to be expressed on, a specific subject's cancer (tumor) such as a neo antigen.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for the use of a composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate for manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a hyperproliferative disease. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprise 5 or more glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (THF), tetrahydrofolate (THF). In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in a liposome. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: lung (e.g., non-small lung cancer), pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian, lung, prostate, head and neck, gastric, gastrointestinal, colon, esophageal, cervical, kidney, biliary duct, gallbladder, and a hematologic malignancy. In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is pancreatic cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is triple negative breast cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is leukemia or lymphoma. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disease is an autoimmune disease. In some embodiments, the hyperproliferative disease is inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis.

The disclosed methods can practiced in any subject that is likely to benefit from delivery of compositions contemplated herein (e.g., gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions such as liposome containing a gamma pentaglutamated or gamma hexaglutamated THF). Mammalian subjects, and in particular, human subjects are preferred. In some embodiments, the subjects also include animals such as household pets (e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits, and ferrets), livestock or farm animals (e.g., cows, pigs, sheep, chickens and other poultry), horses such as thoroughbred horses, laboratory animals (e.g., mice, rats, and rabbits), and other mammals. In other embodiments, the subjects include fish and other aquatic species.

The subjects to whom the agents are delivered may be normal subjects. Alternatively the subject may have or be at risk of developing a condition that can be diagnosed or that can benefit from delivery of one or more of the provided compositions. In some embodiments, such conditions include cancer (e.g., solid tumor cancers or non-solid cancer such as leukemias). In some embodiments, these conditions (e.g., cancers) involve cells that express an antigen that can be specifically bound by a targeted pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate disclosed herein. In further embodiments, these antigens specifically bind and internalize the targeted pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate into the cell. In some embodiments, the targeted pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate specifically binds a folate receptor (e.g., folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta (FR-δ)) expressed on the surface of the cancer cell.

Tests for diagnosing the conditions that can be treated with the provided compositions are known in the art and will be familiar to the medical practitioner. The determination of whether a cell type expresses folate receptors can be made using commercially available antibodies. These laboratory tests include without limitation microscopic analyses, cultivation dependent tests (such as cultures), and nucleic acid detection tests. These include wet mounts, stain-enhanced microscopy, immune microscopy (e.g., FISH), hybridization microscopy, particle agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, urine screening tests, DNA probe hybridization, and serologic tests. The medical practitioner will generally also take a full history and conduct a complete physical examination in addition to running the laboratory tests listed above.

A subject having a cancer can, for example, be a subject that has detectable cancer cells. A subject at risk of developing a cancer can, for example, be a subject that has a higher than normal probability of developing cancer. These subjects include, for instance, subjects having a genetic abnormality that has been demonstrated to be associated with a higher likelihood of developing a cancer, subjects having a familial disposition to cancer, subjects exposed to cancer causing agents (e.g., carcinogens) such as tobacco, asbestos, or other chemical toxins, and subjects previously treated for cancer and in apparent remission.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for selectively deliver a folate receptor targeted pegylated liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a tumor cell expressing a folate receptor on its surface at a rate that is higher (e.g., at least two-fold greater, at least three-fold greater, at least four-fold greater, or at least five-fold greater, than a cell not expressing folate receptor on its cell surface). In some embodiments, the delivered pegylated liposome comprises gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the delivered pegylated liposome comprises L-gamma polyglutamated THF. In some embodiments, the delivered pegylated liposome comprises D-gamma polyglutamated THF.

i. Combination Therapy

In certain embodiments, the discolosure provides administering a gamma polyglutamated THF composition described herein in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent. An additional therapeutic agent can be administered prior to, concurrently with, and/or subsequently to, administration of the gamma polyglutamated THF composition. The additional therapeutic agent can be associated with a gamma polyglutamated THF delivery vehicle (e.g., coencapsulated with gamma polyglutamated THF in a liposome), present in a solution containing a gamma polyglutamated THF delivery vehicle, or in a separate formulation from the composition containing the gamma polyglutamated THF composition. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polypeptide or agent and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are also provided. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent comprises 1, 2, 3, or more additional therapeutic agents.

Combination therapy with two or more therapeutic agents often uses agents that work by different mechanisms of action, although this is not required. Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action may result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy may allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and/or increasing the therapeutic index of the polypeptide or agent(s). Combination therapy may decrease the likelihood that resistant cancer cells will develop. In some embodiments, combination therapy comprises a therapeutic agent that affects the immune response (e.g., enhances or activates the response) and a therapeutic agent that affects (e.g., inhibits or kills) the tumor/cancer cells.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition disclosed herein and a biologic. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with a therapeutic antibody. In further embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with an anti-CD antibody (e.g., rituximab) or an antibody that binds an immune checkpoint protein (e.g., CTLA4, PD1, PDL1, and TIM3). In further embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with an an fc-fusion protein (e.g., entanercept).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating disorder of the immune system that comprises administering an effective amount of a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition disclosed herein and a biologic. In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with a therapeutic antibody. In further embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with an anti-TNF antibody (e.g., adalimumab). In some embodiments, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is administered in combination with an an fc-fusion protein (e.g., entanercept).

In some embodiments, of the methods described herein, the combination of a γPTHF compositions described herein and at least one additional therapeutic agent results in additive or synergistic results. In some embodiments, the combination therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the γPTHF or agent. In some embodiments, the combination therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the additional therapeutic agent(s). In some embodiments, the combination therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and/or side effects of the γPTHF or agent. In some embodiments, the combination therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and/or side effects of the additional therapeutic agent(s).

Therapeutic agents that may be administered in combination with the γPTHF compositions described herein include chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, in some embodiments, the methods or treatments described herein further comprise administering at least one γPTHF composition described herein in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent or in combination with a cocktail of chemotherapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-tetrahydrofolate); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF). Treatment with a γPTHF composition can occur prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of chemotherapies. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapeutic agents can be used according to manufacturers' instructions or as determined empirically by the skilled practitioner. Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapy are also described in The Chemotherapy Source Book, 4.sup.th Edition, 2008, M. C. Perry, Editor, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.

Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (cytotaxan); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaor-amide and trimethylolomelamime; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as tetrahydrofolate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as denopterin, tetrahydrofolate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, 5-FU; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenishers such as folinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pento statin; phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK; razoxane; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (Ara-C); taxoids, such as paclitaxel (TAXOL®) and docetaxel (TAXOTERE®); chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; tetrahydrofolate; ibandronate; CPT11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine (XELODA®); anti-hormonal agents such as, tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (FARESTON®); anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is cisplatin. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is carboplatin. In other embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is oxaloplatin. In particualr embodidments, the additional therapeutic agent is a pyrimidine analog (e.g., a fluorpyrimidine such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)).

In some embodiments, the disclosure also provides methods or treatments that comprise administering γPTHF described herein and at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from: an anti-tubulin agent, an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binder, a DNA replication inhibitor, an alkylating agent (e.g., platinum complexes such as cisplatin, mono(platinum), bis(platinum) and tri-nuclear platinum complexes and carboplatin), an anthracycline, an antibiotic, an anti-folate (e.g., a polyglutamatable antifolate or a non polyglutamatable anti-folate), an antimitotic (e.g., a vinca alkaloid, such as vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, or vindesine), radiation sensitizer, a steroid, a taxane, a topoisomerase inhibitor (e.g., doxorubicin HCl, daunorubicin citrate, mitoxantrone HCl, actinomycin D, etoposide, topotecan HCl, teniposide (VM-26), and irinotecan), an anti-metabolite, a chemotherapy sensitizer, a duocarmycin, an etoposide, a fluorinated pyrimidine, an ionophore, a lexitropsin, a nitrosourea, a platinol, a purine antimetabolite, a PARP inhibitor, and a puromycin. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite, an antimitotic, a topoisomerase inhibitor, or an angiogenesis inhibitor. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-tetrahydrofolate); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF).

In particular embodiments, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering a γPTHF composition described herein in combination with an antifolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF composition is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered separately from the antifolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the antifolate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and theantifolate are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering a γPTHF composition described herein in combination with methotrexate or a methotrexate derivative or analog. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF composition is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered separately from the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and methotrexate are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate or a methotrexate derivative or analog. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered after administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered after the administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, the administered polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF and methotrexate are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF in combination with methotrexate or a methotrexate derivative or analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered after administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered after administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF composition and methotrexate are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered after administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with methotrexate. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered after administration of methotrexate (e.g., to reduce one or more methotrexate associated toxicities). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the methotrexate. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF composition and methotrexate are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides administering γPTHF in combination with an antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered separately from the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and antimetabolite are encapsulated in the same liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF composition is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog selected from the group consisting of ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered separately from the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the γPTHF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered separately from the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF in combination with an antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the administered polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF or [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF and antimetabolite are encapsulated in the same liposome. In some embodiments the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog selected from the group consisting of ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In particular embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF and a pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur) are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF in combination with an antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the administered polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF or [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF and antimetabolite are encapsulated in the same liposome. In some embodiments the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog selected from the group consisting of ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In particular embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur),In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF and a pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur) are encapsulated in the same liposome. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides administering polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF in combination with an antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the administered polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF or [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the antimetabolite. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF and antimetabolite are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF or [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a pyrimidine analog selected from the group consisting of ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is a fluoropyrimidine. In some embodiments, the fluoropyrimidine is selected from capecitabine, tegafur (e.g., tegafur with or without uracil, gimeracil and/or oteracil), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is capecitabine. In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is tegafur with or without uracil, gimeracil and/or oteracil. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with the pyrimidine analog. In particular embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur). In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF and a pyrimidine analog (e.g., 5-FU, capecitabine, or tegafur) are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the 5-FU. In some embodiments, the polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin). In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, tetraglutamated γPTHF is administered in combination with the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, γPTHF is administered in combination with the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, hexaglutamated γPTHF is administered in combination with the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the γPTHF composition is administered in combination with oxaliplatin. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the γPTHF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, γPTHF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is tetraglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is pentaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is hexaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is selected from: ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is a fluoropyrimidine. In some embodiments, the fluoropyrimidine is selected from capecitabine, tegafur (e.g., tegafur with or without uracil, gimeracil and/or oteracil), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is capecitabine. In some embodiments, the administered fluoropyrimidine is tegafur with or without uracil, gimeracil and/or oteracil. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF is selected from: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated Tetrahydrofolate THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-Tetrahydrofolate THF); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the γPTHF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the γPTHF and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the γPTHF, platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, the γPTHF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin and 5-FU (e.g., FOLFOX therapy). In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is tetraglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is pentaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, administered γPTHF is hexaglutamated γPTHF. In some embodiments, the γPTHF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the γPTHF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the γPTHF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the oxaloplatin and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the γPTHF, oxaloplatin, and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome. In additional embodiments, the γPTHF, oxaloplatin and 5-FU, is administered to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In further embodiments, γPTHF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin, 5-FU, and an antibody that binds VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab).

In some embodiments, polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin). In some embodiments, the administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF, or [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF composition is administered in combination with oxaliplatin. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered 5,10-methylene-THF(e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF, or [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is selected from: ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5,10-methylene-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5,10-methylene-THF and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5,10-methylene-THF, platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin and 5-FU. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF, or [6RS]-5,10-methylene-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is tetraglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is pentaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the administered 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF) is hexaglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF. In some embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5,10-methylene-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5,10-methylene-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the oxaloplatin and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5,10-methylene-THF, oxaloplatin, and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome. In additional embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF, oxaloplatin and 5-FU, are administered to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In additional embodiments, the 5,10-methylene-THF, oxaloplatin and 5-FU, are administered to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In further embodiments, 5,10-methylene-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin, 5-FU, and an antibody that binds VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab).

In some embodiments, polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin). In some embodiments, the administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time as the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF composition is administered in combination with oxaliplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is selected from: ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5-methyl-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5-methyl-THF and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5-methyl-THF, platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin and 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-methyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is tetraglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is pentaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5-methyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-methyl-THF) is hexaglutamated 5-methyl-THF. In some embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5-methyl-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5-methyl-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the oxaloplatin and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5-methyl-THF, oxaloplatin, and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome. In additional embodiments, the 5-methyl-THF, oxaloplatin and 5-FU, are administered to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In further embodiments, 5-methyl-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin, 5-FU, and an antibody that binds VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab).

In some embodiments, polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin). In some embodiments, the administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF is tetraglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF is pentaglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF is hexaglutamated 5-formyl-THF. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome. In particular embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF composition is administered in combination with oxaliplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as oxaloplatin. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In some embodiments, 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In additional embodiments, the administered pyrimidine analog is selected from: ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytosine arabinoside, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, and 5-FU. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, polyglutamated [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with a platinum-based agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) and a pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered separately from the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is administered at the same time (e.g., concurrently or serially) as the platinum-based agent and/or the pyrimidine analog. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5-formyl-THF and platinum-based agent are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5-formyl-THF and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5-formyl-THF, platinum-based agent, and a pyrimidine analog are encapsulated in the same liposome.

In particular embodiments, 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin and 5-FU. In some embodiments, the administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF, or [6R,S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 4 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 5 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, administered 5-formyl-THF (e.g., [6S]-5-formyl-THF) contains 6 γ-glutamyl groups. In some embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, (a) the 5-formyl-THF and oxaloplatin are encapsulated in the same liposome, (b) the 5-formyl-THF and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, (c) the oxaloplatin and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome, or (d) the 5-formyl-THF, oxaloplatin, and 5-FU are encapsulated in the same liposome. In additional embodiments, the 5-formyl-THF, oxaloplatin and 5-FU, are administered to a subject having or at risk of having cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder, and basal cell cancer. In particular embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. In further embodiments, 5-formyl-THF is administered in combination with oxaloplatin, 5-FU, and an antibody that binds VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab).

In additionial embodiments, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering a γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab). In some embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds VEGF and 5-FU. In some embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds VEGF and oxaloplatin. In further embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds VEGF, 5-FU, and oxaloplatin.

In additional embodiments, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering a γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds EGFR (e.g., panitumumab or cetuximab). In some embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination an antibody that binds EGFR and 5-FU. In some embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds EGFR and oxaloplatin. In further embodiments the disclosure provides administering the γPTHF composition in combination with an antibody that binds EGFR, 5-FU and oxaloplatin. In additional embodiments, the liposome composition is administered to a subject having or at risk of having colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder, or basal cell cancer. In further embodiments, the liposome composition is administered to a subject having or at risk of having colorectal cancer.

In particular embodiments, treatment methods provided herein comprise administering a γPTHF composition described herein in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan (FOLFIRI.) In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition and 5-FU are encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition and irinotecan are encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition, 5-FU, and irinotecan are encapsulated in the same liposome. In additional embodiments, the liposome composition is administered to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder, or basal cell cancer. In further embodiments, the liposome composition is administered to a subject having or at risk of having colorectal cancer. In particular embodiments, the disclosure provides the administration of a γPTHF composition described herein in combination with capecitabine. In some embodiments, the γPTHF composition is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the administered γPTHF and capecitabine are encapsulated in the same liposome.

V. Kits Comprising γPTHF Compositions

The disclosure also provides kits that comprise the γPTHF compositions described herein and that can be used to perform the methods described herein. In certain embodiments, a kit comprises at least one purified γPTHF composition in one or more containers.

In some embodiments the kits include a dosage amount (e.g., as used for therapy or diagnosis) of at least one γPTHF compositions (e.g., a γPTHF liposome), or pharmaceutical formulation thereof, as disclosed herein. Kits may further comprise suitable packaging and/or instructions for use of the composition. Kits may also comprise a means for the delivery for the composition, or pharmaceutical formulation thereof, such as a syringe for injection or other device as described herein and known to those of skill in the art. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the disclosed γPTHF compositions can be readily incorporated into one of the established kit formats which are well known in the art.

Further provided are kits that comprise a γPTHF compositions as well as at least one additional therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, the second (or more) therapeutic agent is an anti-metabolite. In certain embodiments, the second (or more) therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the disclosure in any manner, shape, or form, either explicitly or implicitly. While they are typical of those that might be used, other procedures, methodologies, or techniques known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

In some instances the antifolate pemetrexed is evaluated to determine the effect of using a plyglutamated polyglutamatable antifolate. The result obtained for pemetrexed are expected to apply equally in kind (but not necessarily equally in magnitude) to other polyglutamatable antifolates as well as folates such as tetrahydrofolate. Antifolates have been used and characterized in clinical and research settings for more than half a century, and the role of polyglutamation upon polyglutaamatable antifolates in impacting cellular cytotoxicity is well understood in the art.

FIG. 1B-1N shows chemical formulae of exemplary L-gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate compositions encompassed by the disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Liposomal Gamma Polyglutamated Pemetrexed Compositions Methods: Production of Gamma Hexaglutamated Pemetrexed (γHgPMX) Liposomes

Briefly Gamma Hexaglutamated pemetrexed (gGR6) and D gamma hexaglutamated pemetrexed (gDGR6) was encapsulated in liposomes by the following procedure. First, the lipid components of the liposome membrane were weighed out and combined as a concentrated solution in ethanol at a temperature of around 65° C. In this example, the lipids used were hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG-2000 (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (poly-ethylene glycol)-2000]). The molar ratio of HSPC: Cholesterol: PEG-DSPE was approximately 3:2:0.15. Next, the gGR6 or gDGR6 was dissolved in 5% dextrose at a concentration of 100-150 mg/ml with a pH of 6.5-6.9. The drug solution was heated up to 65° C. The ethanolic lipid solution was injected into the gGR6 or gDGR6 solution using a small-bore needle. During this step the drug solution was well stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The mixing was performed at an elevated temperature (63° C.-72° C.) to ensure that the lipids were in the liquid crystalline state (as opposed to the gel state that they attain at temperatures below the lipid transition temperature Tm=51° C.-54° C.). As a result, the lipids were hydrated and form multiple bilayer (multilamellar) vesicles (MTHF) containing gGR6 or gDGR6 in the aqueous core.

Downsizing of MTHF's Using Filter Extrusion

The MTHFs were fragmented into unilamellar (single bilayer) vesicles of the desired size by high-pressure extrusion using three passes through stacked (track-etched polycarbonate) membranes. The first pass was performed through stacked membranes consisting of two layers with a pore size of 200 nm. The remaining two passes were through the stacked membranes consisting of three layers with a pore size of 100 nm. During extrusion, the temperature was maintained above the Tm to ensure plasticity of the lipid membranes. As a result of the extrusion, large and heterogeneous in size and lamellarity MTHFs turned into small, homogenous (90-125 nm) unilamellar vesicles (UTHF) that sequestered the drug in their interior. A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (Southborough, Mass.) with back scattering detector (90°) was used for measuring the hydrodynamic size (diameter) at 25° C. in a quartz micro cuvette. The samples were diluted 50-fold in formulation matrix before analysis.

Purification of Liposomes

After the UTHF's containing gGR6 or gDGR6 had been produced, the extra-liposomal free drug was removed using columns for small volume or tangential flow diafiltration against a suitable buffer for large volume. Although any buffer solution can be used, in this example the buffer used was 5 mM HEPES, 145 mM Sodium Chloride, pH 6.7. Upon completion of purification, filter sterilization was performed using a 0.22 micron filter.

The typical characteristics of liposomal derivatives are shown in the table below

Starting Encapsulation Final Drug/Lipid Zeta con. efficiency con. Ratio Diameter PDI potential Lps gDG6 1 mg/ml 5.71% 0.038 mg/ml 25-30 g/mol 103.8 nm 0.017 −1.77 mV Lps gG6 20 mg/ml 10.60%  1.39 mg/ml 35-50 g/mol 114.9 nm 0.035 −1.76 mV Lps gG6 100 mg/ml  34% 7.5 mg/ml 225-265 g/mol 116.3 nm 0.045 −2.32 mV Dose response study of gamma HGP (hexaglutamated pemetrexed) and liposomes

A dose response study was performed using liposomes containing hexaglutamated pemetrexed that were prepared essential as described above.

Cell viability was determined by CellTiter-Glo® (CTG) luminescent cell viability assay on Day 3 (48 hour) and Day 4 (72 hour). This assay determined the number of viable cells in culture based on quantifying ATP that was present within, which in turn signals the presence of metabolically active cells. The CTG assay uses luciferase as a readout. To assess cell viability Dose response inhibition of pemetrexed, HGP and liposomes on different cancer cell growth were investigated using CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability assay. Human cancer cells were harvested, counted and plated at a same cell density on Day 0. A series of 8 dilutions of each test article were added to the cells on Day 1. Dose response curve were generated and fit using GraphPad Prism and IC50 of each test article were calculated. A lower the IC50 is, the more potent the test article was in term of cancer cell growth inhibition.

Cells were seeded into 96-well plate at a cell density of 5×10⁴ cells per well in 100 μl of fresh media on Day 0. Eight serial 2-fold dilutions of each test article in culture medium were generated and added to cells in triplicate on Day 1. In addition, three wells of cells were treated with vehicle (HBS for free drug or empty liposome for liposomal HGP) alone as a control.

On Days 3 and 4, 100 μl of CellTiterGlo® Reagent were added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Luciferase luminescence were recorded for each well. In addition, 8 serial 2-fold dilutions of the vehicle (HBS or empty liposome) in culture medium were added into empty wells and included in the assay to generate the background luminescence signals. Luciferase signals were normalized by subtracting the background luminescence signal out of the read-outs respectively.

Human Normal Primary Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells were obtained from ATCC. (ATCC Catalog Number PCS-800-012). Cells were thawed at 37° C. for 1 minute and then placed on ice. The cells were then resuspended in StemSpan SFEM (Stem Cell Tech Catalog Number 9650) plus 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (Corning 35-015-CV). The cells were plated into 96 well culture plates at a density of 2.5×10⁴ cells/well. The following day, live cells were collected via centrifugation and resuspended in neutrophil growth media (StemSpan SFEM plus 10% Heat Inactivated fetal bovine serum plus 100 ng/ml human stem cell factor (Sigma Catalog Number H8416), 20 ng/ml human granulocyte colony-stimulation factor (Sigma Catalog Number H5541), and 10 ng/ml human recombinant IL3 (Sigma SRP3090) at a density of 2.5×10⁴ cells/well. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 10 days. Fresh media was added every two days. Mature neutrophils were then collected and plated in 96 well plates at a density of 1×10⁴ cells/well and incubated at 37° C. overnight. The next day, test article or vehicle was resuspended in neutrophil growth media and added to the plates. The cells were then incubated for either 48 hours or 72 hours at 37° C. and then assayed at each time point using the Cell Titer Glo Assay (Promega Catalog #G7572).

Methodologies used for cell line AML12 (non-cancerous liver cells) and CCD841 (non-cancerous colon epithelial cells) are similar to the methods used for cancer cells.

Results

FIGS. 1B-1N show exemplary chemical formulae of gamma tetrahydrofolate polyglutamates. FIGS. 1O-1Q shows exemplary gamma polyglutamate tetrahydrofolate derivatives.

In a set of dose response experiments, 6 cell lines representing different types of cancers, namely HT-29 (colon cancer), H2342 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype), H292 (NSCLC, adenocarcinoma subtype), SW620 (CRC), H1806 (triple negative breast cancer) and OAW28 (ovarian cancer), were studied (FIG. 5). Treatment consisted of exposure for 48 hours using 2 different encapsulated derivatives of liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate, namely liposomal gamma L hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6) and its mirror image, liposomal gamma D hexaglutamate (liposomal gDG6) also referred to as its corresponding enantiomer.

The relative potency of the above mentioned derivatives as compared to pemetrexed, following exposure over 48 hours, is represented in FIG. 5. The relative potency of treatment using the various derivatives, as shown in this figure was calculated by dividing the IC50 of pemetrexed by the IC50 of the liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate for each cell line. As shown in this figure, in all cell lines, the potency of liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate well exceeded that of pemetrexed. By way of example, consider the NSCLC cell line H292. As shown in the figure, the potency of liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate was ≥50-fold that of pemetrexed. This suggests that a 2% or lower dose of the liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate could have the same treatment effect as a 100% dose of pemetrexed.

Cancer cell viability studies comparing the liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate derivatives (liposomal L gammaG6/Lps Hexa gG6 and liposomal D gammaG6/Lps Hexa gDG6) and pemetrexed for cytotoxic activity on representative cell lines in breast, colon, lung and ovarian cancer are shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8. These data show that both liposomal gamma L pemetrexed hexaglutamate and liposomal gamma D pemetrexed hexaglutamate are more potent than pemetrexed. Further, as an indicator of efficacy, the results of the experiments on the same cell lines depicted at various dose levels ranging from 16 to 128 nM in FIGS. 9-11. As shown in these figures, at each of these dose ranges, liposomal gamma L pemetrexed hexaglutamate and liposomal gamma D pemetrexed hexaglutamate are superior to pemetrexed in terms of inhibiting cancer cells for the lung and breast cancer cell lines. In the ovarian cancer cell line, pemetrexed at the dose of 128 nM, appears to be equally effective as liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate, whereas the liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate at the dose of 32 nM and 64 nM has a better treatment effect than pemetrexed; at 16 nM the treatment effect is lower and similar in magnitude for liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate and pemetrexed.

The major toxicities seen in patients treated with pemetrexed is bone marrow suppression which manifests as a decrease in blood counts including neutrophil counts (a type of white blood cells). There is also some adverse effect on the lining of the mouth and gut that manifests as diarrhea and mucositis, as well as an adverse effect on the liver in some instances. To assess the above-mentioned toxicities, treatment of the liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate derivatives (L and D) and pemetrexed was measured at 48 hours on CD34+ cells that were differentiated into neutrophils, CCD841 colon epithelium cells and AML12 liver cells. As shown in FIG. 12, liposomal gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate is significantly less toxic to differentiating human neutrophils in contrast to pemetrexed. This is also supported by neutrophil counts that are better preserved following treatment with the liposomal gamma L pemetrexed hexaglutamate or liposomal gamma D pemetrexed hexaglutamate compared to pemetrexed, at dose ranges from 16 nM to 128 nM (FIG. 13). Strikingly, there does not appear to be any toxicity to the liver cells following treatment with liposomal L gamma pemetrexed hexaglutamate or liposomal gamma D pemetrexed hexaglutamate at the dose levels studied (FIG. 14). In contrast, pemetrexed at all doses studied is leading to a reduction in the liver cell counts of approximately 40%. And finally, the same trend is seen following treatment of epithelial colon cells (FIG. 15). As shown in this figure, pemetrexed at all doses studied is leading to approximately a ≥50% decrease in the number of cells compared to approximately a 20% or less decrease after treatment with liposomal gamma L pemetrexed hexaglutamate and liposomal gamma D pemetrexed hexaglutamate.

Example 2 Targeted Liposome Polyglutamated Antifolate Cell Delivery Methods Production of Targeted Gamma Hexaglutamated Pemetrexed (HGP) Liposomes

Gamma HGP (gG6) was encapsulated in liposomes and the liposomes were downsized and purified according to procedures essentially as set forth above in Example 1.

Antibody Conjugation

Activated liposomes were prepared by adding DSPE-PEG-maleimide to the lipid composition. The liposomes contain four different lipids: hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-2000), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-maleimide), in ratios of 3:2:0.1125:0.0375.

Antibody thiolation was accomplished through use of Traut's reagent (2-iminothiolane) to attach a sulfhydryl group onto primary amines. Antibody was suspended in PBS at a concentration of 0.9-1.6 mg/ml. Traut's reagent (14 mM) was added to antibody solution at a final concentration of 1-5 mM and then removed through dialysis after one-hour incubation at room temperature. Thiolated antibody was added to activated liposome at a ratio of 60 g/mol phosphate lipids, and the reaction mixture was incubated for one hour at room temperature and over-night at 4 uL-cysteine was used to terminate the reaction and unconjugated antibody was removed through dialysis.

Exemplary direct and post insertion antibody-liposome conjugation methods are provided below.

Exemplary Antibody Conjugation Method 1: Direct Conjugation

Antibody or its fragments, such as Fab or scFv, can be conjugated directly onto thiol-reactive liposome. Thiol-reactive liposomes are prepared by adding DSPE-PEG-maleimide to the lipid composition. The liposomes contain four different lipids: hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-2000), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-maleimide), in ratios of 3:2:0.1125:0.0375.

Antibody (or its fragments, such as Fab or scFv) thiolation is accomplished through use of Traut's reagent (2-iminothiolane) to attach a sulfhydryl group onto primary amines. Antibody (or its fragment) is suspended in PBS at a concentration of 0.9-1.6 mg/ml. Traut's reagent (14 mM) is added to antibody (or its fragment) solution at a final concentration of 1-5 mM and then removed through dialysis after one-hour incubation at room temperature. Thiolated antibody (or its fragment) is added to thiol-reactive liposome at a ratio of 60 g/mol phosphate lipids, and the reaction mixture is incubated for one hour at room temperature and over-night at 4° C. L-cysteine is used to terminate the reaction and unconjugated antibody (or its fragment) is removed through dialysis.

Antibody or its fragments, such as Fab or scFv, which contains a cysteine residue at the C-terminal can be conjugated directly onto the liposome by incubating a reduced antibody (or its fragment) with thiol-reactive liposome. Antibody (or its fragment) with a cysteine tail is dissolved and reduced by a 10-20 mM reducing reagent (such as 2-mercaptoethylamine, cysteine, or dithioerythritol) at pH<7. The excess reducing reagent is removed thoroughly by size exclusion chromatography or dialysis. The purified and reduced antibody (or its fragment) can be directly conjugated to the thiol-reactive liposome.

Exemplary Antibody Conjugation Method 2: Post Insertion

Antibody or its fragments, such as Fab or scFv, which contains a cysteine residue at the C-terminal can be conjugated and incorporated into the liposome through a “post insertion” method. Micelles of thiol-reactive lipopolymer (such as DSPE-PEG-maleimide) is prepared by dissolving in an aqueous solution at 10 mg/ml. Antibody (or its fragment) with a cysteine tail is dissolved and reduced by a 10-20 mM reducing reagent (such as 2-mercaptoethylamine, cysteine, or dithioerythritol) at pH<7. The excess reducing reagent is removed thoroughly by size exclusion chromatography or dialysis. The purified and reduced antibody (or its fragment) is then incubated with the micelles of thiol-reactive lipopolymers at a molar ratio of 1:4. At the end of the reaction, the excess maleimide groups are quenched by a small amount of cysteine (1 mM) or mercaptoethanol. Unconjugated antibody (or its fragment) is removed by size exclusion chromatography. Purified conjugated micelles is then incubated with liposome at 37° C. or elevated temperature.

Physical Characteristics of the Nanoparticles Dose Response Study of HGP (Pentaglutamated Pemetrexed) and Liposomes.

Cell viability was determined by CellTiter-Glo®(CTG) luminescent cell viability assay on Day 3 (48 hour) and Day 4 (72 hour). This assay determines the number of viable cells in culture based on quantifying ATP that was present within, which in turn signals the presence of metabolically active cells. The CTG assay uses luciferase as a readout. To assess cell viability dose response inhibition of pemetrexed, HGP and liposomes on different cancer cell growth were investigated using CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability assay. Human cancer cells were harvested, counted and plated at a same cell density on Day 0. A series of 8 dilutions of each test article were added to the cells on Day 1. Dose response curve were generated and fit using GraphPad Prism and IC50 of each test article were calculated. A lower the IC50 is, the more potent the test article was in term of cancer cell growth inhibition.

Cells were seeded into 96-well plate at a cell density of 5×10⁴ cells per well in 100 μl of fresh media on Day 0. Eight serial 2-fold dilutions of each test article in culture medium were generated and added to cells in triplicate on Day 1. In addition, three wells of cells were treated with vehicle (HBS for free drug or empty liposome for liposomal HGP) alone as a control.

On Days 3 and 4, 100 μl of CellTiterGlo® Reagent were added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Luciferase luminescence were recorded for each well. In addition, 8 serial 2-fold dilutions of the vehicle (HBS or empty liposome) in culture medium were added into empty wells and included in the assay to generate the background luminescence signals. Luciferase signals were normalized by subtracting the background luminescence signal out of the read-outs respectively.

Human Normal Primary Bone Marrow CD34+ Cells were obtained from ATCC. (ATCC Catalog Number PCS-800-012). Cells were thawed at 37° C. for 1 minute and then placed on ice. The cells were then resuspended in StemSpan SFEM (Stem Cell Tech Catalog Number 9650) plus 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (Corning 35-015-CV). The cells were plated into 96 well culture plates at a density of 2.5×10⁴ cells/well. The following day, live cells were collected via centrifugation and resuspended in neutrophil growth media (StemSpan SFEM plus 10% Heat Inactivated fetal bovine serum plus 100 ng/ml human stem cell factor (Sigma Catalog Number H8416), 20 ng/ml human granulocyte colony-stimulation factor (Sigma Catalog Number H5541), and 10 ng/ml human recombinant IL3 (Sigma SRP3090) at a density of 2.5×10⁴ cells/well. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 10 days. Fresh media was added every two days. Mature neutrophils were then collected and plated in 96 well plates at a density of 1×10⁴ cells/well and incubated at 37° C. overnight. The next day, test article or vehicle was resuspended in neutrophil growth media and added to the plates. The cells were then incubated for either 48 hours or 72 hours at 37° C. and then assayed at each time point using the Cell Titer Glo Assay (Promega Catalog #G7572).

Methodologies used for cell line AML12 (non-cancerous liver cells) and CCD841 (non-cancerous colon epithelial cells) are similar to the methods used for cancer cells.

Results

The dose response relationship of free pemetrexed gamma hexaglutamate (gG6), (non-targeted) liposomal gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6), pemetrexed and folate receptor alpha targeting antibody (FR1Ab) liposomal pemetrexed gamma hexaglutamate (liposomal gG6-FR1Ab), in the NCI H2342 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenocarcinoma subtype is shown in FIG. 2. The output is percentage of viable cells after 48 hours of treatment as measured by luciferase luminescence. As shown in FIG. 2, the free pemetrexed gG6 appears to be the least potent as measured by IC50. Both the liposomal pemetrexed gG6 and the liposomal pemetrexed gG6-FR1Ab are 7-fold and 40-fold more potent, respectively, than free pemetrexed.

Similar data is shown for the HT-29 colon cancer cell line in FIG. 3 that depict cell viability expressed as a percentage. As shown in this figure, free pemetrexed gG6 appears to be the least potent. In this instance, the liposomal pemetrexed gG6 is twice as potent as pemetrexed and the liposomal pemetrexed gG6-FR1Ab is 5-fold more potent than free pemetrexed.

Example 3 In Vivo Studies

The following example describes in vivo efficacy and toxicity data obtained upon administering alpha G6 (Lp-aG6) (alpha polyglutamated pemetrexed) in an in-vivo (murine) model. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the efficacy and reduced toxicity observed for liposomal alpha polyglutamated pemetrexed compositions is expected to also be observed upon upon administration of the counterpart liposomal gamma polyglutamated pemetrexed (gamma G6 (Lp-gG6) under the same conditions, albeit at possibly different levels.

Methods Safety Studies in Mice

Because some of the major toxicities associated with a pemetrexed based treatment are hematologic and hepatic, it is important to evaluate the effect of Liposomal alpha G6 (Lp-aG6) in an in-vivo (murine) model and compare the changes in hematologic and the liver serum chemistry panel following treatment. To obtain this data an initial dose ranging study was conducted using healthy female BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old) which were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). Prior to the study, animals were weighed, randomized by weight, observed for clinical abnormalities, and distributed into groups (5 mice per group). Doses from 10 mg/kg up to 200 mg/kg were investigated to identify a tolerable dose in mice. Treatments were administrated intravenously once a week for four weeks. Body weight and detailed clinical observation were recorded daily. At the end of study, Day 28, mice were euthanized, and blood and tissue were harvested from untreated Control mice and for the mice treated with Liposomal aG6 (Lp-aG6) 40 mg/kg and Liposomal aG6 80 (Lp-aG6) mg/kg. Whole blood was collected into K2-EDTA anticoagulant tubes for comprehensive complete blood count (CBC) and serum was isolated for comprehensive chemistry and was sent to IDEXX (Westbrook, Me.) on the day of collection.

Results

In general, treatment with once weekly liposomal aG6 at two dose levels of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg for 4 weeks was well tolerated and there were no major differences in weight compared to untreated controls. To assess some of the effects on hematologic parameters, white blood cell (WBC) counts, neutrophil counts as well as platelet counts were measured after treatment with liposomal aG6 at two dose levels of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg both given once weekly for 4 weeks. As can be seen in FIG. 17, there were no appreciable decreases in mean neutrophil, mean white blood cell and mean platelet counts, after four weeks of treatment with Liposomal aG6 in treated animals compared to untreated control animals. Hemoglobin and reticulocyte indices were measured to assess the impact on red blood cell. As shown in FIG. 18, there was a minimal decrease in mean hemoglobin concentrations at the higher dose level. In parallel there is a slight increase in mean reticulocytosis indices which suggests a bone marrow's response to treatment by increasing red blood cell production. Altogether this effect seems minor as the mice hemoglobin levels are maintained after 4 weeks of treatment. Taken together these data suggest that at these dose levels, 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg once-weekly, there is little impact on the bone marrow and related hematologic indices.

Another concern with pemetrexed is hepatic toxicity that has been observed in some patients treated with pemetrexed based therapy. To assess hepatic well being in mice serum chemistries including serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) along with serum albumin were measured. As shown in FIG. 19, there were no appreciable increases in liver transaminases mean AST and mean ALT levels at 4 weeks following treatment with Liposomal aG6 at the two dose levels of 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg both given once weekly for 4 weeks when compared to untreated controls. There was no change in mean albumin levels either. Taken together these data suggest a favorable safety profile for Liposomal aG6.

Preliminary Pilot Efficacy Study in Mice Xenografts

To assess whether there was any tumor control following treatment with Liposomal alpha G6 (Lp-aG6) the pilot study was conducted. In this study Immunodeficient female Nude micd (Nu/J; 6-8 weeks old) were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). NCI-H292 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) cells were cultured in RPMI media supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum in a 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator. 1×10⁶ cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the dorsal hind flank of each mouse. Tumor volume and body weight were monitored twice every week. Tumor-bearing mice were randomized by tumor volume on Day 0 and distributed into groups (5 mice per group): Control, Pemetexed, and Liposomal aG6. Pemetrexed was given intravenously at 167 mg/kg once every three weeks. This murine dose of 167 mg/kg every three weeks is equivalent to the FDA/EMA approved human dose and schedule of 500 mg/m² every three weeks. Liposomal aG6 was dosed intravenously at 80 mg/kg once a week for four weeks. Tumor size was measured with a caliper and tumor burden is calculated using the following equations: tumor volume=0.5× (tumor length)×(tumor width)²; Relative tumor volume=(tumor volume/tumor volume on Day 0)×100%. This study is still ongoing but preliminary data are shown in FIG. 20. In this figure, relative tumor volume is displayed following treatment with Liposomal aG6 and pemetrexed. As can be seen from these preliminary data, liposomal aG6 provides better tumor control when compared to pemetrexed.

Example 4 Polyglutamated Antifolate—Cisplatin Complexes (PGPD) Methods

Folate Analogs also known as antifolate have been an important anticancer treatment for the last 70 years. Used in this setting this class of anti-cancer drugs interferes with various enzymes in the important folate metabolic pathway. This can result in impaired pyrimidine and purine (DNA and RNA) synthesis, impaired amino acid glycine and serine metabolism, impaired redox response and impaired methylation processes within the cell.

In clinical practice, antifolates such as pemetrexed and tetrahydrofolate are often used in combination with platinum agents such as cisplatin and carboplatin. The combinations result in enhanced efficacy. In this context, we set out to coencapsulated the polyglutamates with platinum agents in a specific ratio to facilitate controlled delivery of a predetermined ratio of the two anticancer drugs namely a polyglutamated antifolate and a platinum analogue. We surprisingly discovered that long forms of polyglutamate antifolate (e.g., pentaglutamated antifolate) forms a complex with cisplatin that is stable at high pH, and that this complex disassociates into polyglutamate and cisplatin at low pH. Low pH is believed to be occur in many tumor cells and the tumor cell environment, particularly in hypoxic settings. Application of this discovery provides the ability to facilitate the delivery of combinations of γPPMX and therapeutic agents such as cisplatin to target cells such as tumor cells and to release the drugs from the complex in physiologically relevant low pH conditions.

Production of Polyglutamated Antifolates—DDAP (Cisplatin) Complexes (PGPD)

To produce (Polyglutamated antifolates—DDAP Complex), gamma hexaglutamate (aG6) and Diammine dicarboxylic acid platinum (DDAP) was used. The process of complexation was dependent on the presence of Chlorinated platinum compound and pH conditions. The complexation was achieved by a nucleophilic attack on one or two carboxyl groups of glutamate by the platinate derivative. Briefly the complex was formed by the following procedure. First, the active compound DDAP was weighed and dissolved in in 5% dextrose. After the DDAP dissolution step, aG6 was weighed out and added to the DDAP-Captisol solution and allowed to stir for 1 hour at 45-55° C. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.5-7.0 using 1N NaOH and the solution was stirred for 1-2 hour. The formation of complex was confirmed visually. However, when the pH is adjusted to acidic pH 3 to 5, the color reverted back to its original, indicating the decomplexation of the polyglutmated antifolate and cisplatin.

Complex formation was confirmed using HPLC which showed two distinct peaks that merge into 1 large peak at high pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and then reappear at low pH of 3 to 5. Repeating the experiment without Captisol showed that complex formation was independent of Captisol®. FIG. 16 depicts structure of polyglutamate antifolate, cisplatin (CDDP) and two potential gG6-Cisplatin complexes. The pH dependent formation of the interstrand and/or instrastrand coordination between the carboxyl groups of the polyglutamated antifolate and cisplatin is likely to disassemble into individual molecules of gG6 and cisplatin upon encountering acidic pH of lysosomes (pH 3-5) and presence of chloride ions inside the cells. Production of Pentaglutamated Pemetrexed-DDAP/CDDP complex (PGPD) Liposomes

Briefly PGPD was encapsulated in liposomes by the following procedure. First, the lipid components of the liposome membrane was weighed out and combined as a concentrated solution in ethanol at a temperature of around 65° C. In this example, the lipids used were hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG-2000 (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]). The molar ratio of HSPC: Cholesterol: PEG-DSPE was approximately 3:2:0.15. Next, PGPD was prepared as described above. The PGPD drug solution was heated up to 65° C. The ethanolic lipid solution was injected into the PGPD solution using a small-bore needle. During this step the drug solution was well stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The mixing was performed at an elevated temperature (63° C.-72° C.) to ensure that the lipids were in the liquid crystalline state (as opposed to the gel state that they attain at temperatures below the lipid transition temperature Tm=51° C.-54° C.). As a result, the lipids were hydrated and formed multiple bilayer (multilamellar) vesicles (MTHF) containing PGPD in the aqueous core.

Downsizing of MTHF's Using Filter Extrusion

The MTHFs were fragmented into unilamellar (single bilayer) vesicles of the desired size by high-pressure extrusion using two passes through stacked (track-etched polycarbonate) membranes. The stacked membranes have two layers with a pore size of 200 nm and six layers with a pore size of 100 nm. During extrusion, the temperature was maintained above the Tm to ensure plasticity of the lipid membranes. Because of the extrusion, large and heterogeneous in size and lamellarity MTHFs turn into small, homogenous (90-120 nm) unilamellar vesicles (UTHF) that sequester the drug in their interior. A Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (Southborough, Mass.) with back scattering detector (90°) was used for measuring the hydrodynamic size (diameter) at 25° C. in a polystyrene micro cuvette. The samples were diluted 50-fold in formulation matrix before analysis.

Purification of Liposomes:

After the UTHF's containing PGPD had been produced, the extra-liposomal PGPD was removed using columns for small volume or tangential flow diafiltration against a suitable buffer for large volume. Although many different buffers known in the art could have been used, in this example the buffer used was 5 mM HEPES, 145 mM Sodium Chloride, pH 6.7. Upon completion of purification, filter sterilization was performed using a 0.22-micron filter.

Further Embodiments

In a non-limiting embodiment, of this disclosure, there is provided a composition comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In the composition of the immediately preceding paragraph, the composition may comprise pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In the composition of any of the preceding two paragraphs, the composition may comprise gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate which may include pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

A non-limiting example liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (L-γPTHF) composition may comprise a composition of any of the preceding three paragraphs and the liposome may be optionally pegylated (PL-γPTHF).

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of the immediately preceding paragraph, the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate may include pentaglutamated or hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding two paragraphs, the liposome may be anionic or neutral.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding three paragraphs, a targeting moiety may be attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome, and the targeting moiety may have a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target cell of interest (TL-γPTHF or TPL-γPTHF).

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding four paragraphs, a targeting moiety may be attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome and may be a polypeptide.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding five paragraphs, a targeting moiety may be attached to one or both a PEG and the exterior of the liposome and may be an antibody or a fragment of an antibody.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding six paragraphs, one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker and a maleimide may be disposed on at least one of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding seven paragraphs, a polypeptide may bind an antigen with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as determined using BIACORE® analysis.

In the L-γPTHF or PL-γPTHF composition of any of the preceding eight paragraphs, a polypeptide may specifically bind one or more folate receptors selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ).

A non-limiting exemplary method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that includes contacting a hyperproliferative cell with a liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of the preceding nine paragraphs.

In the method of the immediately preceding paragraph, the hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell.

A non-limiting example method for treating cancer comprises administering an effective amount of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph eleven to preceding paragraph three, to a subject having or at risk of having cancer.

In the method of the immediately preceding paragraph, the cancer may be one or more selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, pancreatic, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and a hematologic malignancy.

A non-limiting example maintenance therapy for a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy includes administering an effective amount of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph thirteen to preceding paragraph five, to a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy.

A non-limiting example pharmaceutical composition may include any gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of Section IV.

A non-limiting example method for treating a disorder of the immune system may include administering an effective amount of the of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph fourteen to preceding paragraph six, to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder of the immune system.

A non-limiting example method for treating an infectious may include comprises administering an effective amount of the of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph fifteen to preceding paragraph seven, to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease.

A non-limiting example method of delivering gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a tumor expressing a folate receptor on its surface may include administering a polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph sixteen to preceding paragraph eight, to a subject having the tumor in an amount to deliver a therapeutically effective dose of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to the tumor.

A non-limiting example method of preparing a liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition which includes gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph seventeen to preceding paragraph nine includes forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components; gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in solution; homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution; and processing the mixture to form liposomes containing the polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.

A non-limiting example pharmaceutical composition includes a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of preceding paragraphs from preceding paragraph eighteen to preceding paragraph ten.

Although the disclosure has been described with reference to various some embodiments, it should be understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by author name and date, or by Patent No. or Patent Publication No. The disclosure of these publications are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. However, the citation of a reference herein should not be construed as an acknowledgement that such reference is prior art to the present invention.

Various new chemical entities, methods and equipment for making these chemical entities are set forth below in the appended claims. It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments, of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.

The disclosure of each of U.S. Appl. No. 62/627,732, filed Feb. 7, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/627,733, filed Feb. 7, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,613, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,620, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,625, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,652, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,751, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/630,824, filed Feb. 14, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/636,289, filed Feb. 28, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/662,372, filed Apr. 25, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/702,774, filed Jul. 24, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/702,779, filed Jul. 24, 2018; U.S. Appl. No. 62/764,945, filed Aug. 17, 2018; and U.S. Appl. No. 62/764,951, filed Aug. 17, 2018; is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is selected from the group consisting of: (a) polyglutamated 5-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formyl-THF); (b) polyglutamated 10-formyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-10-formyl-THF); (c) polyglutamated 5,10-methenyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methenyl-THF); (d) polyglutamated 5-methyl-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-methyl-THF); (e) polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-tetrahydrofolate); (f) polyglutamated 5,10-methylene-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6R]-5,10-methylene-THF); and (g) polyglutamated 5-formimino-THF (e.g., polyglutamated [6S]-5-formimino-THF).
 3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate contains 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups having gamma carboxyl group linkages.
 4. The composition according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 5. The composition according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 6. The composition according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 7. The composition according to any of claims 1-6, wherein (a) the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form having gamma carboxyl group linkages, (b) each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage, (c) at least one of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage, (d) each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage, or (e) the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form and at least one glutamyl group in the D-form having gamma carboxyl group linkages.
 8. The composition according to 4, wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage.
 9. The composition of claim 5, wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage.
 10. The composition of claim 6, wherein (a) each of the glutamyl groups is in the L-form and has a gamma carboxyl group linkage or (b) each of the glutamyl groups other than the glutamyl group of tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form and and each of the gluytamyl groups has a gamma carboxyl group linkage.
 11. The composition according to any of claims 1-10, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is polyglutamable by FGPS under normal physiologic conditions and/or wherein the polyglutamated THF has a lower uptake rate (<30%) by hepatic cells than THF.
 12. A liposomal composition comprising the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate according to any of claims 1-11 (Lp-γPTHF).
 13. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 12, wherein the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprises two or more glutamyl groups in the L-form.
 14. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 12 or 13, wherein each of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the L-form.
 15. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 12 or 13, wherein at least one of the glutamyl groups of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate is in the D-form.
 16. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-15, wherein the liposome comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate comprising 1-10 glutamyl groups having gamma carboxyl group linkages.
 17. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-16, wherein the liposome comprises a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate containing 4, 5, 2-10, 4-6, or more than 5, glutamyl groups.
 18. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-17, wherein the liposome comprises gamma tetraglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 19. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-17, wherein the liposome comprises gamma pentaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 20. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-17, wherein the liposome comprises gamma hexaglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 21. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-20, wherein the liposome is not pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF).
 22. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-20, wherein the liposome is pegylated (PγLp-γPTHF).
 23. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-23, wherein the liposomes comprise at least 1% weight by weight (w/w) of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate or wherein during the process of preparing the Lp-γPTHF, at least 1% of the starting material of gamma polyglutamated THF is encapsulated (entrapped) in the Lp-γPTHF.
 24. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-24, wherein the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 500 nm.
 25. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-24, wherein the liposome has a diameter in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm.
 26. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-25, wherein the liposome has a diameter in the range of 80 nm to 120 nm.
 27. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-26, wherein the liposome is formed from liposomal components.
 28. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 27, wherein the liposomal components comprise at least one of an anionic lipid and a neutral lipid.
 29. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 27 or 28, wherein the liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-maleimide; HSPC; HSPC-PEG; cholesterol; cholesterol-PEG; and cholesterol-maleimide.
 30. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 27-29, wherein the liposomal components comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of: DSPE; DSPE-PEG; DSPE-PEG-FITC; DSPE-PEG-maleimide; cholesterol; and HSPC.
 31. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 27-30, wherein one or more liposomal components further comprises a steric stabilizer.
 32. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 31, wherein the steric stabilizer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG); poly-L-lysine (PLL); monosialoganglioside (GM1); poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP); poly(acrylamide) (PAA); poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline); poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); phosphatidyl polyglycerol; poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide]; amphiphilic poly-N-vinylpyrrolidones; L-amino-acid-based polymer; oligoglycerol, copolymer containing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene oxide, Poloxamer 188, and polyvinyl alcohol.
 33. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 32, wherein the steric stabilizer is PEG and the PEG has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 200 to 5000 daltons.
 34. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-33, wherein the liposome is anionic or neutral.
 35. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-33, wherein the liposome has a zeta potential that is less than or equal to zero.
 36. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-33, wherein the liposome has a zeta potential that is between 0 to −150 mV.
 37. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-33, wherein the liposome has a zeta potential that is between −30 to −50 mV.
 38. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-33, wherein the liposome is cationic.
 39. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-38, wherein the liposome has an interior space comprising the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate and an aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 40. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 39, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a tonicity agent such as dextrose, mannitol, glycerine, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, at a concentration of greater than 1%.
 41. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 39, wherein the aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is trehalose.
 42. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 41, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% trehalose.
 43. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 39-42, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises 1% to 50% dextrose solution.
 44. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 39-43, wherein the interior space of the liposome comprises 5% dextrose suspended in an HEPES buffered solution.
 45. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 39-44, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a buffer such as HEPES Buffered Saline (HBS) or similar, at a concentration of between 1 to 200 mM and a pH of between 2 to
 8. 46. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 39-45, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a total concentration of sodium acetate and calcium acetate of between 50 mM to 500 mM.
 47. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-46, wherein the interior space of the liposome has a pH of 5-8 or a pH of 6-7, or any range therein between.
 48. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-47, wherein the liposome comprises less than 500,000 or less than 200,000 molecules of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 49. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-48, wherein the liposome comprises between 10 to 100,000 molecules of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, or any range therein between.
 50. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-49, which further comprises a targeting moiety and wherein the targeting moiety has a specific affinity for a surface antigen on a target cell of interest.
 51. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to 50, wherein the targeting moiety is attached to one or both of a PEG and the exterior of the liposome, optionally wherein targeting moiety is attached to one or both of the PEG and the exterior of the liposome by a covalent bond.
 52. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 50 or 51, wherein the targeting moiety is a polypeptide.
 53. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 50-52, wherein the targeting moiety is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment of an antibody.
 54. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 50-53, wherein the targeting moiety binds the surface antigen with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a range of 0.5×10⁻¹⁰ to 10×10⁻⁶ as determined using BIACORE® analysis.
 55. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 50-54, wherein the targeting moiety specifically binds one or more folate receptors selected from the group consisting of: folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β), and folate receptor delta (FR-δ).
 56. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 50-55, wherein the targeting moiety comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of: an antibody, a humanized antibody, an antigen binding fragment of an antibody, a single chain antibody, a single-domain antibody, a bi-specific antibody, a synthetic antibody, a pegylated antibody, and a multimeric antibody.
 57. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 50-56, wherein each pegylated liposome comprises from 1 to 1000 or 30-200 targeting moieties.
 58. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 39-57, further comprising one or more of an immunostimulatory agent, a detectable marker and a maleimide, wherein the immunostimulatory agent, the detectable marker or the maleimide is attached to said PEG or the exterior of the liposome.
 59. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 58, wherein the immunostimulating agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a protein immunostimulating agent; a nucleic acid immunostimulating agent; a chemical immunostimulating agent; a hapten; and an adjuvant.
 60. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 58 or 59, wherein the immunostimulating agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a fluorescein; a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); a DNP; a beta glucan; a beta-1,3-glucan; a beta-1,6-glucan; a resolvin (e.g., a Resolvin D such as D_(n-6DPA) or D_(n-3DPA), a Resolvin E, or a T series resolvin); and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulating agent such as, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (e.g. OXPAC, PGPC), and an eritoran lipid (e.g., E5564).
 61. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 58-60, wherein the immunostimulatory agent and the detectable marker is the same.
 62. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 58-61, further comprising a hapten.
 63. The Lp-γPTHF composition of claim 62, wherein the hapten comprises one or more of fluorescein or Beta 1,6-glucan.
 64. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-63, which further comprises at least one cryoprotectant selected from the group consisting of mannitol; trehalose; sorbitol; and sucrose.
 65. A targeted composition comprising the composition according to any of claims 1-64.
 66. A non-targeted composition comprising the composition according to any of claims 1-49.
 67. The Lp-γPTHF composition according to any of claims 12-66, which further comprises fluoracil (e.g., 5FU), or methotrexate.
 68. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition according to any of claims 12-67, and optionally a fluouracil (e.g., 5FU).
 69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition according to any of claims 1-7.
 70. The composition of any of claims 1-69, for use in the treatment of disease.
 71. Use of the composition of any of claims 1-70, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of disease and/or for use in combination therapy with one or more therapeutic agents such as a chemotherapeutic drug (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) to enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent(s) or as a “chemoprotectant” (e.g., in combination with an antifolate such as methotrexate) to reduce a toxic side effect associated with the therapeutic agent(s).
 72. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disease or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such treatment or prevention, the method comprising administering the composition of any of claims 1-70 to the subject.
 73. A method for (e.g., treating or preventing) a disease or chemical induced toxicity in a subject needing such treatment or prevention, the method comprising administering the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of claims 12-69 to the subject.
 74. A method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the composition of any of claims 1-69, and optionally further contacting the cell with fluoracil (e.g., 5 FU).
 75. A method of killing a hyperproliferative cell that comprises contacting a hyperproliferative cell with the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of claims 12-69, and optionally further contacting the cell with fluoracil (e.g., 5 FU).
 76. The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the hyperproliferative cell is a cancer cell, a mammalian cell, and/or a human cell.
 77. A method for (e.g., treating or preventing) cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition of any of claims 1-69 to a subject having or at risk of having cancer.
 78. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of claims 12-68 to a subject having or at risk of having cancer.
 79. The method of claim 77 or 78, wherein the composition is administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of: a non-hematologic malignancy including such as for example, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, biliary duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, bladder cancer, sarcoma (e.g., osteosarcoma), brain cancer, central nervous system cancer, and melanoma; and a hematologic malignancy such as for example, a leukemia, a lymphoma and other B cell malignancies, myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasias.
 80. The method of claim 77 or 78, wherein the composition is administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a member selected from the group consisting of: lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer.
 81. The method of claim 77 or 78, wherein the composition is administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a member selected from wherein the composition is administered to treat or prevent cancer and wherein the cancer is a member selected from: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach cancer), pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer and/or adenocarcinoma), head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, gallbladder cancer, and basal cell cancer.
 82. The method of claim 77 or 78, wherein the composition is administered to treat or prevent colorectal cancer.
 83. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) cancer that comprises administering an effective amount of the Lp-γPTHF composition of any of claims 50-66 to a subject having or at risk of having a cancer cell that expresses on its surface a folate receptor bound by the targeting moiety.
 84. A maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition of any of claims 1-69 to a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy.
 85. A maintenance therapy that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of claims 12-69 to a subject that is undergoing or has undergone cancer therapy.
 86. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disorder of the immune system that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition of any of claims 1-69 to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder of the immune system, optionally wherein the disorder of the immune system is selected from: inflammation (e.g., acute and chronic), systemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn disease, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Takayasu, and psoriasis.
 87. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing) a disorder of the immune system that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition according to any of claims 8-69 to a subject having or at risk of having a disorder of the immune system, optionally wherein the disorder of the immune system is selected from: inflammation (e.g., acute and chronic), systemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn disease, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Takayasu, and psoriasis.
 88. A method for treating (e.g., treating or preventing): (a) leukopenia that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having leukopenia. (b) an infectious disease that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to any of claims 1-69 to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease; (c) an disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, or another disease, that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, or another disease, wherein the disease is a member selected from: atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, metabolic syndrome, a gestational trophoblastic disease, and ectopic pregnancy; (d) an autoimmune disease, that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having an autoimmune disease; (e) rheumatoid arthritis, that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having rheumatoid arthritis; (f) an inflammatory condition that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having inflammation, optionally wherein the inflammation is acute, chronic, and/or systemic inflammation; or (g) a skin condition that comprises administering an effective amount of the composition according to of any of claims 1-59 to a subject having or at risk of having a skin condition, optionally wherein the skin condition is psoriasis.
 89. A method for treating an infectious disease that comprises administering an effective amount of the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition according to of any of claims 12-69 to a subject having or at risk of having an infectious disease.
 90. A method of delivering gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to a tumor expressing a folate receptor on its surface, the method comprising: administering the Lp-γPTHF composition of any of claims 1-69 to a subject having the tumor in an amount to deliver a therapeutically effective dose of the gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate to the tumor.
 91. A method of preparing a gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition comprising the liposomal gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate composition of any of claims 12-69, the method comprising: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and gamma polyglutamated antifolate in solution; homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution; and processing the mixture to form liposomes containing gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate.
 92. A method of preparing the composition of any of claims 12-69 comprising the steps of: forming a mixture comprising: liposomal components and gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate in a solution; homogenizing the mixture to form liposomes in the solution; processing the mixture to form liposomes entrapping and/or encapsulating gamma polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate; and providing a targeting moiety on a surface of the liposomes, the targeting moiety having specific affinity for at least one of folate receptor alpha (FR-α), folate receptor beta (FR-β) and folate receptor delta (FR-δ).
 93. The method according to claim 92, wherein the processing step includes one or more steps of: thin film hydration, extrusion, in-line mixing, ethanol injection technique, freezing-and-thawing technique, reverse-phase evaporation, dynamic high pressure microfluidization, microfluidic mixing, double emulsion, freeze-dried double emulsion, 3D printing, membrane contactor method, and stirring.
 94. The method according to claim 92, wherein the processing step includes one or more steps of modifying the size of the liposomes by one or more of steps of extrusion, high-pressure microfluidization, and/or sonication. 